_TERMINE_RELATIVO_ARTE_(INGLESE)
_SPIEGAZIONE_DEL_TERMINE_(INGLESE)
2ND ED
Second edition: prints of the same image as the original edition but altered in some way (as in change of color, paper, or printing process).
2ND ST
Second state. prints of proofs which contain significant changes from the original print
AAA
1936 USA - American Abstract Art - artist group  search artarchiv.com
ABBOZZO
Think of this as a sketch or outline. It's really the "underpainting". An abbozzo is in a single color. The idea behind it is to show a piece's general composition. It's a planning tool. 
ABORIGINAL ART
Australia - ceremonial artwork produced by tribal cultures - art created from successors of native originals to Australia  search artarchiv.com
ABSIDIOLE
This is a form of abstract art. It may represent nothing at all, or it may represent something--but without reference to the original source. You're supposed to read patterns as independent relationships.
ABSTRACT
A 20th century style of painting in which non-representational lines, colors, shapes, and forms replace accurate visual depiction of objects, landscape, and figures. The subject is often stylized, blurred, repeated or broken down into basic forms so that it becomes unrecognizable. Intangible subjects such as thoughts, emotions, and time are often expressed in abstract art form.
ABSTRACT ART
1910 - 1950 term associated with non recognizable subjects - focused on colors and shapes - style of modern art based on archaic elements - related to non figurative art
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
This art style was prominent for about one generation. With its roots in New York, it started in World War II times and ended in the Korean War times. You may have heard of surrealism? The leaders of that movement lived in the U.S. (in exile) during World War II. AE was a mix of surrealism and some other concepts--notably expressionism. The influence of American culture is heavy in this form of art. The two main categories of AE are iconic and calligraphic. - A term originally used to describe Wassily Kandinsky's abstract paintings of the 1920's, but really first used in the modern sense in 1946 to describe contemporary painting. It was popular from that time until the end of the 1950's. Many painters are still painting in this style. It is the first art movement to have both a European and American background. It was influenced by the artists fleeing Hitler, such as Max Ernst, Fernand Leger, and Piet Mondrian. The term is just what it implies. The paintings are abstractions or no noticeable relation to anything in nature at all. The object is to express the inner feelings of the artist toward the subject or the surface that the painting is on. It is as much an emotional release for the artist as it is anything else. Look at works by Robert Motherwell, Willem De Kooning, Mark Rothko, and Jackson Pollock. - A painting movement in which artists applied paint rapidly and forcefully to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions. They painted gesturally (non-geometrically), sometimes applying paint with large brushes and/or dripping and throwing it onto canvas. Their work is characterized by a strong dependence on what appears to be accident and chance, but which is actually highly planned. Usually there was no effort to represent subject matter. Not all work was abstract, nor expressive, but it was generally believed that the spontaneity of the artists' approach to their work would draw from and release the creativity of their unconscious minds. This expressive method of painting was often considered as important as the painting itself. Abstract Expressionism originated in the 1940s, and became popularin the 1950s. A few artists who painted in this style include Hans Hoffman, Mark Rothko, Willem De Kooning, and Jackson Pollock. - 1946 - 1960 USA - non objective art movement characterized by feelings and emotions - the accidental appearing of their works is supposed to be an unconscious approach to pure abstraction - subcategories are action painting with focus on the physical act of painting and color field painting exploring effects of pure colors - the french term is expressionnisme abstrait
ABSTRACTION CREATION
1931 - 1936 Paris - international association of artists featuring geometric color compositions - influenced by cercle et carre
ABSTRACTION GEOMETRIC
1945 France - french expression for works with an emphasis on straight lines and geometric shapes  search artarchiv.com
ABSTRACTION LYRIC
1947 France - french term for works in opposition to abstraction geometric favoring pure and free expressions - influence to art informel , peinture gestuelle and tachism
ACADEMIC ART
In the 17th through 19th centuries, academies of painting and sculpture had official status in Europe. They also had a high degree of control over what was "acceptable art". So, art in compliance with the standards set by these academic institutions is academic art. - term associated to artwork under influence of academy teachers - established and traditional styles  search artarchiv.com
ACADEMIE DES BEAUX ARTS
since 1795 France - academic art institution in Paris  search artarchiv.com
ACADEMISME
18th century France - group of painters favoring conventional compositions - also called art pompier - compare academic art
ACADEMY FIGURE
This a drawing or painting the female or male nude, done as an exercise by a student of one of the academies. Now that you know this, you won't overpay for one of these, based on the idea they must be very good if they have that "academy" label attached. Think of your barber school haircut.
ACADEMY OF ART
We figured you'd want to know this if you read the previous definition! AAs were institutions that sprang from the many associations artists formed during the Renaissance. These institutions were, effectively, part of a revolt against the medieval Guild system--which artists felt oppressed them and their work. Under the Guild system, they weren't painters or sculptors, but just artisans--a term that conferred about much status as blacksmith. The academies were a way for artists to show they were highly educated professionals with a comprehensive theory of art and technical skill. The academies provided standards and status--both of which the artists of the time found very attractive.
ACID-FREE CANVAS
Canvas treated to neutralize its natural acidity in order to protect fine are: and photographic prints from discoloration and deterioration.
ACID-FREE PAPER
Paper treated to neutralize its natural acidity in order to protect fine are: and photographic prints from discoloration and deterioration.
ACID ART
1960 USA - term for unconventional artworks of brutal and cruel character - compare funk art
ACRYLIC
[
ACRYLICS
Synthetic paints first used by artists in the late 1940s. Acrylics have come to rival oil paints because of their versatility. They can be used many different ways, on nearly any surface. Acrylic paints dry quickly, don't yellow, and are easily removed with mineral spirits or turpentine. Best of all, acrylics can be cleaned up with soap and water.
ACTION ART
1950 all kind of art presented as physical action - involving the public into the process of creation - practiced in fluxus , happening and neo dadaism  search artarchiv.com
ACTION PAINTING
1950 USA - art movement performing the physical act of painting as a spontaneous creation - form of abstract expressionism
AESTHETIC MOVEMENT
1890 Great Britain - movement considering beauty as the most important aspect - social or moral considerations should not influence an artwork - based on the french movement l'art pour l'art
AESTHETICISM
pursuit of pure beauty without any pedagogic ambitions - art for art's sake was the leitmotif based on the french term l'art pour l'art - this term was primarily used for protagonists in the second half of the 19th century  search artarchiv.com
AFFICHES
french term for poster - used for publicity in public areas already in the 15th century - important platform for many artists since lithography techniques appeared  search artarchiv.com
AFRICAN ART
ceremonial artwork produced by african tribal cultures - very influential to the cubism movement  search artarchiv.com
AGITPROP
shortcut for agitation and propaganda - employed in socialist oriented countries to manipulate political attitudes  search artarchiv.com
ALBERTO GIACOMETTI
Swiss sculptor, 1901-1966, best known for his sculpturesof emaciated figures signifying the waisting away of human spirit.
ALBRECHT DRER
1471-1528, The most famous artist of Reformation Germany in the 16th century, widely known for his paintings, drawings, prints, and theoretical writings on art.
ALBUMEN
The most popular photographic print from 1855 to 1890. Albumen positive prints are made on paper coated with frothy egg white and salt solution and sensitized with silver nitrate solution. The print is then finalized by exposure to sunlight through a negative.
ALEXANDER CALDER
American sculptor, 1898-1976. He created a vast amount of art, including line drawings, toys, jewelry, wood carvings, bronze figures, abstract constructions and paintings. Calder was best known for his large abstract mobiles and sculpture.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ
American Photographer, 1864-1946, who introduced modern European art to the United States. His photographic mission was to find and show the beauty in subjects previously thought devoid of it; his notion of truth through art.
ALKYD
The word is from "alcid"; meaning a mixture of alcohol and acid. Alkyd paints are produced from polyhydric alcohol and polybasic acid. The oils are combined with a drying oil, such as linseed, to produce the paint. These paints are not water-based, but are thinned with turpentine. They are not as fast drying as acrylics, but are faster drying than oils. They are meant to be a compromise between the two. They are sold in tubes by various manufacturers.
ALLA PRIMA
[
ALLEGORY
decorative presentation of a literal content suggesting a deep sense  search artarchiv.com
ALLUSION
an indirect reference to someone or something presumed to be well known - historical events, celebrities, citations
ALPHONSA MUCHA
Czechoslovakian artist, 1860-1939, who is often linked to the beginning of the Art Nouveau movement. He used strong design and composition, sensual curves derived from nature, and natural colors, with refined decorative elements.
AMBER
The fossil remains of resins derived from conifers. These are sometimes heated and called copal varnish.
AMERICAN GOTHIC
term for realistic hard edge style painting  search artarchiv.com
AMERICAN REGIONALISM
1930 USA - group of rural artists practicing antimodernist painting focusing on daily life scenes  search artarchiv.com
AMERICAN SCENE PAINTING
1930 - 1940 USA - term for artworks representing the american way of life during the great depression - devided into the rural american regionalism and the urban social realism
ANALYTIC ART
1960 conventional and traditional experiences are abandoned in favour of mental reflections about art - basis of conceptual art
ANAMORPHOSIS
distension of a motive which appears different depending on the angle of view  search artarchiv.com
ANDREW WYETH
American painter, born 1917, whose appeal is the real feeling of his subjects.
ANDROGYNY
representation of male and female characteristics united in one body - androgenous figures are often used in mythology scenes  search artarchiv.com
ANDY WARHOL
American artist, 1928-1987, considered a founder and major figure of the Pop Art movement. Warhol prefered style over substance and images over ideas.
ANNIE LEIBOVITZ
American Photographer, born 1949, known for her portraits of celebrities.
ANSEL ADAMS
American photographer, 1902-1984, specializing in landscapes of the American West.
ANTHROPOMORPHISM
usually the representation of animals in human form and behaviour - element in allegory and mythology
ANTI ART
provocative style mocking conventional art forms - important element in the dadaism movement - compare underground
AP
See Artist's proof.
AQUAPASTO
This is a combination of gum arabic and silica formed into a jelly-like substance to give an impasto look to watercolors. Not to be confused with Oleopasto.
AQUATINT
An etching technique that produces an unlimited number of gradations of tone from black to a very pale gray. It usually will have a granular appearance. The name is not from the actual technique, but in its visual similarity to that of a watercolor. The technique is usually used in conjunction with other processes such as engraving or drypoint. The majority of Goya's prints are done in a combination of aquatint and etched lines. - Printing technique capable of producing unlimited tonal gradations to re-create the broad flat tints of ink wash or watercolor drawings by etching microscopic crackles and pits into the image on a master plate, typically made of copper or zinc. The majority of Spanish artist Goya's (1746-1828) graphic works were done using this technique.
ARABESQUE
element of decoration representing floral motifs in stylized form  search artarchiv.com
ARMORY SHOW
1913 USA - modern art exhibition in New York - introduction of european art movements such as expressionism , cubism and abstract art
ART ABSTRAIT
1910 - 1950 french term associated with non recognizable subjects - focused on colors and shapes - modern art style, based on archaic elements and surrealism influences - related to non figurative art
ART AND LANGUAGE
1968 Great Britain - artist movement claiming aesthetic standards in opposition to the aesthetic movement focused on pure beauty  search artarchiv.com
ART BRUT
spontaneous and unreflected artwork - characteristic for the expression of children - does not adhere to norms and tradition, profit or recognition -  search artarchiv.com
ART CINETIQUE
1965 french term for kinetic art - based on cybernetic art with more extensions such as light variations etc.  search artarchiv.com 
ART CORPOREL
1960 - 1980 french term for body art integrating the artist himself in a scenic action - based on conceptual art and performance art - compare tattooing , piercing , branding and scarification
ART CYBERNETIQUE
1920 french term for cybernetic art - mobile artwork animated and controlled by electronic systems, mechanical or natural forces  search artarchiv.com
ART DECO
A mix of modern decorative art styles mostly from the 1920s and 1930s. It's main characteristics were derived from avant-garde painting styles of the early twentieth century, such as Cubism, Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism. Art Deco celebrated the rise of commerce, technology, and speed, by using abstraction, distortion, and simplification, particularly geometric shapes and highly intense colors. It was considered to be an elegant style of cool sophistication in architecture and applied arts which range from luxurious objects made from exotic material to mass produced, streamlined items available to a growing middle class. Some Art Deco artists were; Grant Wood, Lyman Syen, John Storrs, Seraphin Soudbinine
ART ENGAGE
french term for social and political engagement - significant in socialist realism and social realism
ART FEMINISTE
1960 feminist movement of anglophile sensualists favoring female symbolism in artworks  search artarchiv.com
ART FIGURATIVE
french term for artworks representing concrete figures - opposition to abstract art
ART FOR ART'S SAKE
philosophical leitmotif considering that the beauty of art should be independent of concerns that demands other disciplins - influenced symbolism and the aesthetic movement - the french term is l'art pour l'art
ART INFORMEL
1951 France - art movement favoring extreme tendencies of non figurative art - psychedelic vehemence  search artarchiv.com
ART NOUVEAU
A painting, printmaking, decorative design, and architectural style developed in England in the 1880s. Art Nouveau, primarily an ornamental style, was not only a protest against the sterile Realism, but against the whole drift toward industrialization and mechanization and the unnatural artifacts they produced. The style is characterized by the usage of sinuous, graceful, cursive lines, interlaced patterns, flowers, plants, insects and other motifs inspired by nature. - A style of decoration and architecture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, named in French, meaning "the new art". It is predominantly characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in undulating lines, often flowing vines. The roots of Art Nouveau go back to Romanticism, Symbolism, the English Arts and Crafts Movement. Art Nouveau is also known as Jugenstil and Yellow Book Style. Gustav Klimt, Alphonse Mucha, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Hector Guimard were among the most prominent artists associated with this style. - 1890 - 1910 french term for modern style - dynamic and decorative style in undulating lines, leaves, flowers and flaming elements favoring female curves - roots from romanticism and symbolism  
ART PAUVRE
1960 - 1970 Italy - french term for arte povera - based on object art - employing simple raw materials in order to provoke a confrontation of forms and materia in a metaphorical sense  search artarchiv.com
ART POMPIER
18th century France - allusion to personages wearing helmets - group of painters favoring conventional compositions - also called academisme - compare academic art
ART TECHNOLOGIQUE
1960 french term for technology art using modern techniques such as luminous installations and video circuits  search artarchiv.com
ART VISUEL
1950 french term for visual art - basis of optical art
ARTE CIFRA
1970 Italy - artist movement close to arte povera and conceptual art - mixture of different styles, flashy colors and figurative motives  search artarchiv.com
ARTE POVERA
1960 - 1970 Italy - based on object art - employing simple raw materials in order to provoke a confrontation of forms and materia in a metaphorical sense - italian for poor art - the french term is art pauvre - compare rhopography
ARTIST'S PROOF
Print intended for the artist's personal use. It is a common practice to reserve approximately ten percent of an edition as artist's proofs, although this figure can be higher. The artist's proof is sometimes referred to by its French name, epreuve d'artist (abbreviated E.A.). Artist's proofs can be distinguished by the abbreviation AP or E.A., commonly on the lower left corner of the work.
ARTS AND CRAFTS
1888 Great Britain - aesthetic movement in reaction against the mediocrity of industrial productions - close to the pre raphaelite brotherhood - influenced the art nouveau movement  search artarchiv.com
ARTS DECO
1920 - 1930 term employed on the occasion of the Exposition des arts decoratifs 1925 in Paris - focusing on the rise of technology and commerce - an elegant style of cool sophistication and modern aesthetic - derived from various avantgarde styles such as cubism and the early art nouveau - favoring geometric shapes and intense colors  search artarchiv.com
ASHCAN SCHOOL
A group of early twentieth-century American artists who painted pictures of city life. Alleys, tenements, and slum dwellers were their choice of subject matter, which led a critic to dub the artists the Ashcan School. This label is also used for another group-- The Eight. The Ashcan School included these six members of The Eight: Arthur B. Davies, Robert Henri, George Luks, William Glackens, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn. George Wesley Bellows and Edward Hopper are also considered to be in the Ashcan School. - 1908 - 1913 USA - group of artists, who captured the everyday life in New York - close to the eight movement - influenced the american scene painting
ASSEMBLAGE
french term for fitting objects into artworks of three dimensional character - employed in new realism , combine painting and metamatic - artworks composed basically of flat elements, applied on flat surfaces are called collage
ASSO
1928 Germany - association of revolutionary artists - members of the the communist party - influenced the socialist realism  search artarchiv.com
ASUKA
552 - 645 Japan - Period  search artarchiv.com
AUGUSTE RODIN
French sculptor, 1840-1917, whose works are distinguished by their stunning strength and realism. He created the famous bronze, The Thinker.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ART
term for artworks representing events of the life of an artist including selfportraits  search artarchiv.com
AUTOMATISM
1924 artist movement favoring spontaneous painting, free of rational control  search artarchiv.com
AVANTGARDE
french term for vanguard - practicing new ideas in opposition to established traditions  search artarchiv.com
AZUCHI
1569 - 1603 Japan - Period  search artarchiv.com
BACCHANAL
term for a feast honoring the wine god Bacchus  search artarchiv.com
BAD PAINTING
1978 USA - New York movement in contradiction to the understanding of contemporary art and intellectualism - compare neo expressionism , neue Wilde and transavanguardia
BALANCE
This is just what it says it is. You're looking for things to "add up" in an artwork, for equal amounts of yin and yang, etc. Think in terms of equilibrium. Look for a center point or axis. And think of a seesaw. Part of the beauty of art is you can see the math behind it, if it follows convention. So, a small figure far from the axis would balance out a large figure close to the axis--just as a child at the end of a see saw would balance out an adult near the fulcrum. Only, in art, you must balance more than physical weight or size. For example, you must balance color and "depth". And you deal with balance of abstract to non-abstract. Bear in mind, balance is not always the goal of an artwork. Sometimes, imbalance is the goal, because it highlights some theme or message by increasing its "weight" or importance.
BALDACHIN
This was originally a cloth canopy, or baldachino, supported by four poles--one at each corner. That's a simple configuration, and the definition grew to include any architectural canopy in one of several forms--including suspended from above. 
BALSAMS
These are the oleoresins that are a viscous liquid secreted by coniferous (evergreen) trees. Although they mix with oils and varnishes, they do not mix with water. The most popular use of a balsam in painting is probably in Venice (or Venetian) turpentine.
BALTHUS
French Painter, born 1908, arguably the world's greatest living painter.
BAMBOCCIANTI
17th century Italy - term for painters favoring coarse, picturesque scenes  search artarchiv.com
BANAL ART
term for boring and predictable art productions - the german term is Kitsch - to compare with buckeye and calendar painting
BANDE DESSINEE
french for comic strip - term for a series of drawings telling a story accompanied by captions - simplicity in execution and colors - to compare with cartoon
BANDE NOIR
french term for artists presenting the Bretagne landscape in rude and dark shapes influenced by stylized realism
BAROQUE
The art style of the Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century. Although some features appear in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which painters, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and variety in their works. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Jan Vermeer, Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, Diego Velazquez de Silva, Anthony Van Dyck, and Nicolas Poussin painted in this style. - 1630 - 1720 - european movement in reaction against the mannerism dominating the late renaissance - decorative and ornamental style favoring more realistic and emotional aspects - supported from spirituality  
BATEAU LAVOIR
1860 - 1970 France - Group of artists occupying or frequenting the so called atelier shacks in Paris - contributions to cubism and orphism
BAUHAUS
1919 - 1933 Germany - movement with accent on on industrial design and functionality uniting artists familiar to neo expressionism - connected to the Weimarer Schule , ancestor of the New Bauhaus movement in the USA  search artarchiv.com
BAY AREA FIGURATIVE
A style of art or painting that started in the 1940's in the San Francisco bay area and lasted until the mid 1960's. It was really a reaction to the Abstract Expressionism that was starting in New York. San Francisco was the second most influential art center behind New York after the war. A few of the painters who were familiar with the work going on in New York were teaching in the bay area and introduced the Abstract Expressionist style. The artists of the bay area altered this approach by going back to nature and included a more figurative imagery. The images were still very abstract and painted with a lot of expressionist style, but with a rejection of total abstraction. Some of the painters known for this style are Richard Dieberkorn and David Park.
BELLE EPOCHE
1890 -1914 France - period of a vital lifestyle  search artarchiv.com
BIEDERMEIER
1815 - 1845 Germany - style of arts and crafts based on bourgeois comfort favoring genres of sensitive conception  search artarchiv.com
BITTERFELDER WEG
1959 - 1964 Germany - the Bitterfeld program - socialist idea of a national culture in the former German Democratic Republic - artists integrated in labor movements combined the tradition of socialist realism
BLAUE VIER
1925 Germany - artist alliance inspired from the Blauer Reiter
BLAUER REITER
1911 - 1914 Germany - german for blue rider - group of painters inspired from expressionism , demanding the emancipation of art - favoring spirituality and philosophical approaches - modern art leading into abstract art - the french term is cavalier bleu
BLIND
Printing using an un-inked plate to produce the subtle embossed texture of a white-on-white image, highlighted by the shadow of the relief image on the un-inked paper. This technique is used in many Japanese prints.
BLOOM
The clouding of a varnish surface. This is caused by the water vapor penetrating the film or being in the film.
BODY ART
1960 - 1980 art expression integrating the artist himself in a scenic action - based on conceptual art and performance art - compare branding , tattooing , piercing and scarification - the french term is art corporel
BOHEMIANISM
term for the lifestyle of avantgarde artists, especially from the romantic movement - in opposition to the bourgeoisie - synonym for rootless gypsies  search artarchiv.com
BOSCH
Hieronymus (ou Jheronimus) Bosch (1450? - 1516)  Pintor holands nascido e falecido em Hertogenbosch. Tecnicamente, foi um dos primeiros artistas que pintaram a leo. Sua obra  enigmtica e representa temas religiosos complexos com muita fantasia e imaginao demonaca dividindo-se em vrias classes, segundo a temtica: obras de crtica social, obras de natureza religiosa e obras de inspirao fantsticaobra enigmtica que representa temas religiosos complexos com muita fantasia e imaginao demonaca. Bosch foi de alguma maneira precursor do expressionismo (Cruz s Costas) e do surrealismo. Algumas obras: Tentao de Santo Anto, Carro de Feno e Jardim das Delcias
BOTERO
Fernando Botero (1932 - ) Pintor colombiano nascido em Medellin que hoje divide seu tempo entre Paris, Madrid e Medellin. Nas obras satricas de Fernando Botero, polticos, militares e religiosos, msicos e a realeza, so retratados com figuras rotundas e sem movimento, assumindo a caracterstica de vida humana esttica. De natureza humorstica  primeira vista, as pinturas de Botero so geralmente um comentrio social com toques polticos.
BOTTICELLI
Sandro Botticelli (1444 - 1510) Pintor renascentista italiano nascido e falecido em Florena. Seu verdadeiro nome era Alessandro di Mariano dei Felipepi. O ano de 1481 foi importante para sua carreira: ilustrou uma edio do Inferno de Dante e recebeu uma encomenda de trs obras para a Capela Sistina, em Roma. Foi influenciado por Pollaiuolo e Verrocchio. Principais obras: Nascimento de Vnus, A Calnia e Cristo Morto
BOUCHER
Franois Boucher (1703 - 1770)  Pintor francs nascido e falecido em Paris. Forma com Watteau e Fragonard, a grande trade da pintura francesa no reinado de Lus XV. Aos 24 anos, visitou a Itlia onde conheceu obras de Tiepolo que o influenciaram. Ilustrou edies de de Molire, Ovdio e Boccaccio. Principais obras: Nu sobre o Sof, Madame Pompadour e Diana aps o Banho
BOUDIN
Louis Eugne Boudin ( 1824 - 1898) Pintor francs nascido em Honfleur e falecido em Deauville. Comeou a pintar em 1846, influenciado por Millet e Troyon. Em 1858 conheceu Monet e passou a orient-lo. Boudin tomou parte na primeira mostra impressionista (1874), sendo justamente apontado como percusor do movimento, tal como Jongkind. No foi porm um impressionista, e sim um isolado entre o realismo e o impressionismo. Ficou conhecido por pintar maravilhosamente cus e cenas de praia
BRANDING
form of body art , employing heated tools to mark the skin - the tradition goes back to practices from the middle ages  search artarchiv.com  
BRANDYWINE VALLEY
1880 - 1920 USA - term for the traditional illustrator era in times of high demand for graphic art products - compare golden age
BRUSHSTROKE
The result of paint or ink being applied to a surface. Brushstrokes can vary greatly, and the overall effects are the basis of many art movements. Differences range from artists who leave large amounts of paint that you can feel and see, to a stroke of watercolor blended in a skyline.
BUCKEYE
term for artworks produced for the mass market, with sentimental character and of sloppy execution - to compare with calendar painting , Kitsch and banal art
BYZANTINE ART
Early art of the Christian, Eastern Roman Empire. Intended as religious lessons, Byzantine paintings and mosaics were simple, and meant mostly to teach Christian lessons. Because of this, the figures tend to appear flat, stiff and floating, with disproportionately large eyes. Backgrounds are usually golden toned, while the subject matter is characterized by a rich use of color. - since 12th century art of the eastern roman empire influenced by the orthodox church - focused on frescoes, mosaics and icon painting
CALENDAR PAINTING
term for pleasing artworks without lasting values - to compare with banal art , kitsch and buckeye
CALLIGRAPHY
Handwriting as art. It probably reached its zenith as an art form in the 12th to 15th century, but has undergone a revival in recent years. - term for artistically applied writing - important element in chinese and japanese artwork, as well as in islamic art
CAMAEU
A painting or decoration done in varying shades of the same color. A monochrome painting.
CAMDEN TOWN GROUP
1911 - 1913 Great Britain - associated to post impressionism , capturing urban scenes of everyday life - precursor of the London group
CAMEO
A gemstone whose layers have different colors molded or carved such that one color stands out in relief against another. The gemstone may be made of shell, glass, or ceramic.
CAMERA LUCIDA
An art tool that uses a prism to concentrate and project light onto paper (or some other surface) so you can trace the resulting image. 
CAMILLE JACOB PISARRO
French Impressionist Painter, 1830 - 1903, different in that he often painted from above, and depicted casual street scenes.
CANALETTO
Antonio Canalli (1697 - 1768) Pintor italiano nascido e falecido em Veneza, ganhando o apelido para no ser confundido com o pai, Bernardo da Canal, cenarista de teatro. Estudou em Roma com Pannini, mas foi sobretudo autodidata. Vivia da produo de paisagens reais vendidas como souvenirs. Quando a Guerra da Sucesso da Astria arruinou o turismo, emigrou para a Inglaterra onde passou a pintar de imaginao. Em certas obras nota-se nele um percusor do Impressionismo. Algumas obras: Rio dos Mendigos, O Cais de Dogana e Regata no Grande Canal
CANCELLATION PROOF
Final print made once an edition series has been finished to show that the plate has been marred/mutilated by the artist, and will never be used again to make more prints of the edition.
CANVAS TRANSFER
Art reproduction on canvas which is created by a process such as serigraphy, photomechanical, or giclee printing. Some processes can even recreate the texture, brush strokes, and aged appearance of the original work of art.
CARAVAGGISTI
italian term for artists influenced by the style of Caravaggio, favoring contrasting light effects - to compare with clair obscur
CARBON PRINT
The first permanent photographic printing process used between 1866 to 1890. Made in three different tones: black, purple-brown, sepia. It is made by using 3 layers of stable pigment in registration on top of each other and requires a minimum of 12 hours to create a single print. Carbon prints are highly sought after and rare.
CARICATURE
exaggerated representation of distinctive features to produce grotesque impressions  search artarchiv.com
CARTOON
term for a drawing or a series of framed pictures telling a story - simplicity in execution and colors - to compare with comic strip
CASEIN
Strictly speaking, this is the dried lumpy curd of skimmed milk. When mixed with water and dry pigments it makes an excellent paint. It was very popular for commercial illustration until acrylics became highly developed.
CATALOGUE RAISONNE
monographic chronology, providing all of an artist's known works, including biographical information, exhibition dates, details about selected works, photographs, descriptions and examples of all the signatures the artist has used - compare retrospective
CAVALIER BLEU
1911 - 1914 Germany - french term for the german artist movement Blauer Reiter
CERCLE ET CARRE
1930 France - french for circle and square - abstract art movement  search artarchiv.com
CHAMPETRE
french adjective applied for rural scenes - compare pastoral
CHARLES M. RUSSELL
American, 1864-19??, painter and sculptor of the American cowboy.
CHIAROSCURO
italian for light and dark - term for contrasting light effects applied in flemish artworks from the 17th century - the french term is clair obscur
CHICANO ART
term for mexican american artwork, alternative to hispanic american art  
CHINOISERIE
french term for decorative elements of chinese origin, applied as ornamental outfit in european artworks of the 17th and 18th century  search artarchiv.com
CIBACHROME
A positive print process known for its sharpness, rich color saturation, and permanence. Unless interpositives are made, these prints are made from slides and transparencies, never from color negatives.
CLAIR OBSCUR
french term for contrasting light effects applied in flemish artworks from the 17th century - the italian term is chiaroscuro
CLAUDE MONET
French Impressionist Painter, 1840-1926, who brought the study of the effects of natural light on a subject to its most refined expression.
CLICHE
french term for a fixed idea - an overused opinion with little meaning  
COBRA
1948 - 1951 Belgium - abbreviation for Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam - group of avantgarde artists influenced from expressionism and surrealism - favoring abstract art forms based on art informel
COLLAGE
The term Collage is from the French verb Coller meaning "to glue"; In English it means to attach objects to a surface. It can be used as either a noun or a verb. The first collage in art was by Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, produced in 1912. After World War I, the Dada artists used found objects to make political statements. Since this time, collage has been used by many artists to make statements about our society. Since it uses real objects it has a particularly strong impact in the form of social statement. Other artists involved in collage have been Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Richard Hamilton, and David Hockney. - An artwork comprising of  portions of various existing images such as from  photographs or prints, and arranged so that they  join, overlap, or blend to create a new image. - A picture or design created by adhering various elements to a flat surface. Collage was introduced by the Cubists, and is a familiar technique in contemporary art. - french term for artworks composed of flat elements such as paper products - contemporary art techniqe introduced from cubism artists
COLLAGRAPH
Printing technique in which proofs are pulled from a block on which the artwork or design is built up like a collage, creating a relief.
COLOR FIELD PAINTING
1960 USA - artwork exploring the effect of pure colors - form of abstract expressionism
COLOR-VARIANT SUITE
A set of identical prints in different color schemes.
COMBINE PAINTING
1953 USA - term employed for assemblage techniques in connection with painting
COMIC STRIP
term for a series of drawings telling a story accompanied by captions - simplicity in execution and colors - to compare with cartoon - the french term is bande dessinee
COMMERCIAL ART
term for artworks serving for publicity and advertising
COMPUTER ART
since 1950 term for artworks created with computer assistance - cyber art is a platform for computer artists
CONCEPTUAL ART
1967 USA - artwork asking for reflection rather than to the appearence - in the tradition of dadaism and anti art - close to performance art - compare environment art and installation art
CONSTRUCTIVISM
1917 Russia - modern art movement favoring the the use of modern materials and technologies in artworks - geometric shapes - compare Bauhaus und de Stijl
CONTEMPORARY ART
term referring to the same period of time, usually to our present time
CONTEMPORARY REALISM
1960 - 1970 USA - term for a modern art conception, favoring a realistic style - influenced the photorealism
COOPERATIVE DES MALASSIS
1970 France - group of painters favoring political aspects in artwork
COPAL
Fossilized resins from living plant material. A rather general term that is easily misused.
COPTIC ART
4th - 8th century - christian art from Egypt
COPY ART
1980 France - artists using features of copy machines 
CORRENTE
1938 - 1943 Italy - artist movement from Milan
COURANT RUINISTE
18th century France - artist movement favoring romantic ruin landscapes
CUBISM
An art style developed in 1908 by Picasso and Braque whereby the artist breaks down the natural forms of the subjects into geometric shapes and creates a new kind of pictorial space. In contrast to traditional painting styles where the perspective of subjects is fixed and complete, cubist work can portray the subject from multiple perspectives. - One of the most influential art movements of the twentieth century. In Cubism the subject matter is broken up, analyzed, and reassembled in an abstracted form. The movement follows Paul Czanne's idea that nature should be treated in terms of the cylinder, sphere, and cone. Cubism was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who were greatly inspired by African sculpture, the painters Czanne, and Seurat, and by the Fauvists. Some other Cubism followers were Alfred Henry Maurer, Fernand Lger and Max Weber. - 1907 - 1918 France - art movement inspired by african art and fauvism - the motive is analyzed and reassembled in abstract shapes - subdivided into cubisme cezannien , cubisme analytique and cubisme synthetique - influence tofuturism , orphism , precisionism and purism
CUBISME ANALYTIQUE
1909 - 1912 subcategory of cubism
CUBISME CEZANNIEN
1907 - 1909 subcategory of cubism
CUBISME ECARTELE
1912 France - avantgarde movement - abstract art , based on cubism , employing bright and contrasting colors - compare Blauer Reiter - also called synchronism and orphism
CUBISME SYNTHETIQUE
1912 - 1914 subcategory of cubism  
CUBIST REALISM
1913 - 1930 USA - artist movement based on european cubism - also called precisionism
CURVALINEAR
Formed or characterized by curving lines. Work using these forms are fluid and represent movement. Gothic and Art Nouveau ornamentation are examples of curvilinear treatment of form.
CYBER ART
term for artworks presented on the internet
CYBERNETIC ART
1920 mobile artwork animated and controlled by electronic systems, mechanical or natural forces - the french term is art cybernetique
DADA
The root of this word in art is unknown, however, many stories exist. Dada is not an art style, but an attitude. It came out of the period just after World War I, starting in Zurich and New York, and later in Berlin and Paris. It was a reaction to the destruction of which man was now capable through technology. It took on the form of sculpture and painting by such artists as Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Jean Arp. It was also expressed in actions such as the programs at the famous Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich. The art works were to show that maybe all this new technology was not necessarily for the good. Some of the paintings showed man as a machine. These works were not met with enthusiasm at the time, but now are considered some of the most important works of twentieth century art. - An early twentieth century art movement born as a consequence of the collapse of social and moral values during World War I. The Dada movement ridiculed contemporary culture and traditional art forms. Dada artists' works, while irrational and critical, could also be playful and intuitive. Dadaists typically produced art objects in unconventional forms produced by unconventional methods, sometimes employing chance accidents as a means of production. Many artists associated with this movement later became associated with Surrealism. Max Ernst, Man Ray, Max Ernst and Marcel Duchamp were Dadaists.
DADAISM
An art style founded by Hans Arp in Zurich after World War I which challenged the established canons of art, thoughts, morality, etc. Disgusted with the war and society in general, Dadaists expressed their feelings by creating non-art. The term Dada, a nonsense or baby-talk term, symbolizes the loss of meaning in the European culture. Dada art is difficult to interpret since there is no common foundation. Since Dadaists did not claim that the objects they created were art, all objects (including found objects that were retrieved from waste bins and such, could be incorporated to create non-art. - 1916 - 1924 european art movement against tradition and conservatism with cynical attitudes employing absurdities to create artworks and performances - influenced the surrealism - to compare with anti art
DAGUERREOTYPE
The first practical photo process invented in 1838 in which an image was formed on a copper plate coated with highly polished silver. Following exposure, the image is developed in mercury vapor, resulting in a unique image on metal that cannot be used as a negative for replication.
DAGUERROTYPE
1839 France - first reliable procedure and technique to produce images on a light sensitive surface - compare photography
DALI
Salvador Dal (1904 - 1989) Pintor surrealista espanhol nascido em Figueiras. Dal foi um excntrico surrealista e um mestre na pintura e na vida. Iniciou seus estudos na cole des Beaux Arts, em Madrid, e foi influenciado pelos pintores metafsicos De Chirico e Carra enquanto l esteve. Admirando igualmente o realismo meticuloso dos pr-rafaelitas e dos pintores franceses do sculo 19, comeou a misturar estilos conceituais e tcnica. Ele transformou a definio de surrealismo, que combinava automatismo psquico puro para expressar o processo inconsciente do pensamento e do sonho. Principais obras: A Persistncia da Memria e Relgios Moles.
DAL
Salvador Dal (1904 - 1989) Pintor surrealista espanhol nascido em Figueiras. Dal foi um excntrico surrealista e um mestre na pintura e na vida. Iniciou seus estudos na cole des Beaux Arts, em Madrid, e foi influenciado pelos pintores metafsicos De Chirico e Carra enquanto l esteve. Admirando igualmente o realismo meticuloso dos pr-rafaelitas e dos pintores franceses do sculo 19, comeou a misturar estilos conceituais e tcnica. Ele transformou a definio de surrealismo, que combinava automatismo psquico puro para expressar o processo inconsciente do pensamento e do sonho. Principais obras: A Persistncia da Memria e Relgios Moles.
DAMAR
[
DAU AL SET
1948 Spain - group of artists in Barcelona
DAVID
Jacques-Louis David (1748 - 1825)  Pintor francs nascido em Paris e falecido em Bruxelas. Fez parte do movimento neo-clssico e tinha um estilo austero e acadmico, foi o principal representante da arte oficial da Revoluo Francesa e mais tarde do Imprio Napolenico. David pintou temas histricos, mitolgicos e contemporneos. Foi conhecido como chefe do movimento anti-rococ na Frana e deu origem ao movimento neo-clssico francs. Pricipais obras: A Morte de Marat, A Morte de Scrates e O Rapto das Sabinas
DE STIJL
1917 - 1931 Netherlands - artist group, favoring pure abstract art , reduced to geometric shapes and primary colors - influence on bauhaus - compare neo plasticism , constructivism and purism
DECADENCE
french term for the decline after periods of great cultural achievements - compare with degenerate art
DCOLLAGE
The opposite of collage and beginning soon after. The removing of images superimposed on each other, such as the deterioration that takes place when outdoor posters are layered one on top of another and allowed to create a new image through decay of various parts at various rates. Used most effectively by the surrealist Leo Malet, beginning in 1934.
DECORATIVE ART
general term for artworks of embellishing character - ornamental forms - art nouveau elements - compare arts and crafts and pattern painting
DEGAS
Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas (1834 - 1917) Pintor e escultor impressionista francs nascido e falecido em Paris. Aps viajar para a Itlia, abandou o curso jurdico que iniciara a pouco para ser aluno de Ingres, na Escola de Belas-Artes de Paris. Sofreu forte influencia das gravuras japonesas, sendo que seus modelos favoritos foram as balairinas e os msicos. Devido ao enfraquecimento da viso, em 1881, troca a pintura pela escultura. Principais obras: Bailarinas, O Absinto, As Engomadeiras e Bastidores da Dana, na pera
DEGENERATE ART
term for artworks of undesirable state, in strong contrast to classical styles - entartete Kunst had a special significance under the fascist regime in Germany - compare with decadence
DEINOS
A wide-mouthed vase with no handles. The vase is for mixing water and wine, and the more elaborate ones may have matching stands.
DEL
(Latin, deleavit) He (she) drew it. Generally inscribed next to the artist's signature.
DELACROIX
Ferdinand Victor Eugne Delacroix (1798 - 1863) Pintor romntico francs nascido em Charenton-Saint-Maurice e falecido em Paris. Ingressa na Escola de Belas-Artes onde sofre influencia dos clssicos italianos e, sobretudo, de Rubens. O cromatismo luminoso de delacroix exercer forte influncia no impressionistas e ps-impressionista, que o definiram como o mais inspirado dos pintores romnticos. Principais obras: Dante e Virglio, Nu Sentado e O Massacre de Quios
DESCO DA PARTO
You may see these in medieval paintings. The literal translation is "birth plate", and the desco da parto is simply a decorated tray. Medieval Italians used these trays to bring small gifts--such as pastries--to new mothers.
DESIGN
1925 the conception and composition of a work, combining elements of art with functional requirements
DIE BRUECKE
1905 - 1913 Germany - expressionism community, considered as a bridge toward the future - favoring new dimensions in strong colors and simplified shapes - revival of the woodcut tradition
DIEGO RIVERA
Mexican painter, 1886-1957, who produced bold murals on social themes. His paintings were simple, warm, and colorful.
DIGITAL IMAGE
An electronically processed image composed of data, created on a computer. Digital images can be displayed on a computer screen, such as on the Internet, or printed. Continued advances in printing technologies continues to increase the quality and resolution of printed images.
DINOS
A wide-mouthed vase with no handles. The vase is for mixing water and wine, and the more elaborate ones may have matching stands.
DIVISIONISM
1886 France - neo impressionism art style employing pure colors without any melange - based on color theories - compare pointilism and post impressionism
DOCUMENTA
since 1955 Germany - contemporary art exhibition in Kassel
DOCUMENTARY ART
term for artworks presenting facts objectively without fictional attributes - compare conceptual art
DONAUSCHULE
early 16th century Germany - art style practiced in the region of Regensburg
DORTHEA LANGE
American Photographer, 1895-1965, known for her pictures of people in their everyday surroundings.
DRAWING
The depiction of shapes and forms on a surface by the use of lines. A major fine art technique in itself, drawing is the basis of all pictorial representation, and an early step in most art activities. Drawing is differentiated from painting by the dominance of line over mass. The artist's choices of drawing media determine whether a drawing will be more or less linear, or painterly in quality. There are many drawing techniques, varying according to the effect the artist wants, and depending on whether the drawing will be an independent work of art, or a preliminary to some other medium. Drawings can include various exercises such as contour drawing, gesture drawing, figure drawing, sketches and studies, cartoons and underdrawings.
DRY POINT
The printing process of drawing on a metal plate, usually copper or zinc, with a steel needle. This process is very spontaneous and can almost be called the same as drawing with a pencil. The print from this is characterized by the softness of line. This is caused by the small burr that is left on the sides of the furrow made with the needle. This burr breaks down very fast and changes the look of the print. The number of prints possible with drypoint is very small, about 30 or so. The proof number is therefore, more significant in drypoint than any other form of printing. Some of the best works ever done in drypoint were executed by Rembrandt.
DRYERS
Metallic salts that are mixed with paint to speed up the drying process. They should be used sparingly. They can cause cracking and brittleness.
DRYING OILS
Oils derived from plants and dried by oxidation, the absorption of oxygen. When dry, they make a tough film and go through a molecular change. They are said to polymerize. That means its molecular structure changes so that it is a different substance and will not change back or be dissolved by the original dilutent. This is important because it allows us to use them in making paint that can be worked over when it is dry with more of the same wet paint and not worry about the under layers softening. Used in the making of oil paints.
DRYPOINT
Printing technique of intaglio, engraving  in which a hard, steel needle incises lines on a metal  plate, creating a burr that yields a characteristically  soft and velvety line in the final print.
DUESSELDORFER SCHULE
1828 - 1850 Germany - school of Duesseldorf - movement against italian influences - the french term is Ecole de Duesseldorf  
DYE TRANSFER
A high-quality color photographic printing technique involving the transfer of dyes from three separately prepared images onto a single sheet of paper in exact registration. Though costly, this process produces prints with sharp registration, rich color saturation and great longevity.
EA
(French, epreuve d'artist) An artist's proof.
EARTH ART
Works of art that use natural materials such as earth. The phrase, very popular in the 1960s, came to mean any art that used terrain for materials. And that would include such things as rocks and snow. - 1960 USA - wide ranging artist movement employing organic materials or natural phenomena for open air events - very close to environment art with influences of arte povera and process art
EARTH COLORS
These are really "Earth pigments" because the phrase refers to the pigments themselves, not their colors. The pigments exist naturally in earthen soil, and are often metallic oxides. Chemically, these are the most stable of all pigments--least likely to change with age. The colors are usually brown or yellow. - Colors that are obtained by mining, such as yellow ochre and umber. They are generally warm colors.
ECOLE BOLOGNESE
17th century Italy - french term for artwork inspired by the bolognese academy - initiated the classical baroque period
ECOLE D'AVIGNON
15th century France - french school
ECOLE DE BARBIZON
1850 France - group of landscape painters rejecting academic traditions in favor of a philosophical approach to realism - strong influence on the impressionism movement - compare pleinarisme
ECOLE DE BOURGOGNE
1390 - 1420 french term for school of Burgundy - court artists practicing flemish realism - influenced the art style of the gothic era
ECOLE DE DUESSELDORF
1828 - 1850 Germany - Duesseldorfer Schule - french term for school of Duesseldorf - movement against italian influences
ECOLE DE FLORENCE
15th century Italy - artist movement, favoring historical scenes and mythology elements
ECOLE DE FONTAINEBLEAU
1530 - 1589 France - 1st movement - artists practicing the mannerism style  1589 - 1610 - 2nd movement - flemish and italian influences, favoring a decorative style
ECOLE DE FRANKENTHAL
since 1600 Germany - artist movement 
ECOLE DE GODOLLO
1900 Hungary - art nouveau movement
ECOLE DE GREZ
1860 - 1880 France - association of artists from Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland, USA and Scandinavia
ECOLE DE HONFLEUR
since 1850 France - precursor of the impressionism movement 
ECOLE DE KANO
1434 - 1530 Japan - japanese art movement
ECOLE DE LA HAYE
1870 - 1890 Netherlands - artist group close to Ecole de Barbizon 
ECOLE DE LA PLEINE
since 1900 Hungary - artist movement
ECOLE DE LAETHEM
since 1900 Belgium - movement influenced by symbolism and expressionism
ECOLE DE LYON
1840 France - mystic movement favoring religious subjects - inspired from the Nazareens - compare pre raphaelite
ECOLE DE NAGYBANYA
1896 Hungary - artist movement
ECOLE DE NEW YORK
1946 - 1960 USA - non objective art movement - compare abstract expressionism
ECOLE DE PARIS
1925 - 1960 France - artist movement - general term for foreign artists, working in Paris
ECOLE DE PONT AVEN
1886 France - group of artists favoring shapes and colors as basis support in painting
ECOLE DE TERVUREN
1866 Belgium - group of landscape painters based on realism
ECOLE DE TOURS
15th century France - artist movement
ECOLE DE VENISE
16th century Italy - group of artists favoring the effects of light and color
ECOLE DE VIENNA
1950 Austria - artist movement favoring decorative elements and phantasmagoric features - also called realisme fantastique - the german term is Wiener Schule
ECOLE DE WEIMAR
1919 - 1925 Germany - french term for Weimarer Schule - school, setting accents on industrial design and functionality, uniting artists familiar to neo expressionism - the movement is called Bauhaus and influenced the New Bauhaus style in the USA
ECOLE DU CENTRE
15th century France - artist movement
ECOLE FRANCAISE
general term for french art movements
ECOLE PROVENCALE
1850 France - artist movement favoring mediterranean subjects
ECOLE SYMBOLISTE
1900 Belgium - artist movement
EDGAR DEGAS
French Impressionistpainter and sculptor, 1834-1917, whose innovative composition, drawing skills, and portrayal of movement made him a 19th century master of modern art.
EDO
1615 - 1868 Japan - Period
EDWARD HOPPER
American painter,1882-1967, whose works are landmarks of 20th-century American realism.
EGG TEMPERA
The use of egg (either the whole egg, just the white, or just the yolk, but using just the yolk is most common), mixed with water and pigment to make a paint. This process dates back to the Egyptians where there are examples of sarcophagi being decorated with them that are still in tact today. It is painted on solid supports and is capable of great detail as well as many other effects. It is very fast drying so does not lend itself to blending very well. It was the primary form of painting until the introduction of oils. At first, and still some today, oils were painted over the tempera painting to enhance the darker colors. Some of the most famous painters to use the medium in this century have been Andrew Weyeth, Robert Vickery, and Paul Cadmus.
EGON SCHIELE
Austrian artist, 1890-1918, whose drawings and paintings portraying not just the human form, but human sexuality, were quite shocking at the time.
EL PASO
1956 Spain - artist group from Madrid
ELECTISME
1830 - 1848 France - artist movement
ELEMENTARISM
1924 Netherlands - abstract art movement based on geometric elements
EMPIRICISM
philosophical theory, considering experience as the only source of knowledge
ENCAUSTIC
Encaustic is a form of painting done with beeswax. It dates back to the Egyptians and Greeks, (the word comes from the Greek word encaustikos, meaning "to burn in"). It is not used much today because of the difficulty of the process. The most famous of modern painters to work in this medium is probably Jasper Johns. The paintings created by this process are very permanent and will withstand almost everything except extreme heat and cold. The medium is especially suited to impasto and knife work. The paint is made by mixing beeswax with pigment and a resin such as damar varnish. These are mixed while being heated on some sort of hot plate to about 150-200; F. The paint is then allowed to cool into paint sticks. A palette is prepared by rubbing the dry sticks of paint on a heated palette. The hot, liquid paint is then painted on a rigid surface. When the paint has dried (this happens very fast), and the painting is done, the whole painting is then laid on a flat surface and a heat lamp is passed over the surface until the whole thing has fused together and to the support. This is a very tedious process, requires a lot of equipment, and if not done properly, could be dangerous.
ENGRAVING
The printing process of drawing on a metal plate, usually copper or zinc, with a steel needle. This process is very spontaneous and can almost be called the same as drawing with a pencil. The print from this is characterized by the softness of line. This is caused by the small burr that is left on the sides of the furrow made with the needle. This burr breaks down very fast and changes the look of the print. The number of prints possible with drypoint is very small, about 30 or so. The proof number is therefore more significant in drypoint than any other form of printing. Some of the best works ever done in drypoint were executed by Rembrandt. - The image is scratched into a plate then inked and printed like an etching. - Printing technique in which an intaglio image is produced by cutting a metal plate or box directly with a sharp engraving tool. The incised lines are inked and printed with heavy pressure.
ENTARTETE KUNST
1938 Germany - defamatory term employed in fascist Germany for modern art works of the 20th century - compare with degenerate art and decadence
ENTROPY
term employed in theories about disordered artworks - the more you know about, the less entropy it seems to have
ENVIRONMENT ART
1960 - wide ranged term principally used for the installation or manipulation of large spaces - if not presented in enclosed spaces, earthwork can be considered as a subcategory - even artworks from the pop art movement, presenting environment subjects, are included - compare installation art and conceptual art
EQUIPO 57
1957 - 1962 Spain - analytic art movement inspired by old masters
EQUIPO CRONICA
1963 - 1981 Spain - figurative artist group with accents on pop art
ETCHING
An etching is a print produced by the printing method known by the same name. It is done by coating a copper or zinc plate with a wax or similar protective shield and then the drawing is produced on the surface with a needle. Only the coating is cut, not the plate. When the drawing is complete, the plate is submerged in an acid bath and the areas that were exposed by the needle are cut by the acid. Then the plate is cleaned and inked and then wiped so ink is only in the recesses. The plate is then put in a press where it is pressed hard against a damp print paper. The resulting print is a reverse of the original drawing on the plate. This process dates back to about 1500. The first dated print is from 1513. During the time of Rembrandt (1606-1669), and with his help, etchings became the most popular printing form. Other later artists known for their etchings are Goya, Whistler, Picasso, and Chagall. - Intaglio printing technique that uses a resist liquid or ground to cover a metal plate. An image is drawn into the ground, expossing metal that is then eaten away by an acid bath. this leaves a depression line in the surface of the plate. Ink is then rubbed into the depression and printed with an intaglio or etching press. - Printing technique in which a metal plate is first covered with an acid-resistant material, then worked with an etching needle to create an intaglio image. The exposed metal is eaten away in an acid bath, creating depressed lines that are later inked for printing. This technique was thought to have been developed by Daniel Hopfer (1493-1536). Etching surpassed engraving as the most popular graphic art during the active years of Rembrandt and Hercules Segher in the 17th century, and it remains one of the most versatile and subtle printing techniques today - An intaglio printing process in which a needle is used to draw into a wax ground applied over a metal plate. The plate is then submerged in a series of acid baths, each biting into the metal surface only where unprotected by the ground. The ground is removed, ink is forced into the etched depressions, the unetched surfaces wiped, and an impression is printed.
EUSTON ROAD GROUP
1937 - 1939 Great Britain - artist movement based on naturalism
EVARD MUNCH
Norwegian Artist, 1863-1944, whose emotionally pained paintings and graphic works were instrumental in the development of expressionism.
EVERCOLOR PIGMENT TRANSFER
developed by Evercolor using four layers of separate color transfer, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, in registration to create prints. This very costly process creates very realistic and sharp images which attain three dimensional quality when displayed. Prints done in this process are highly sought after and rare.
EXE
(Latin, excudit) He (she) executed it. The meaning is synonymous with (Latin, impressit) he(she) printed it.
EXISTENTIALISM
1914 philosophical theory concerned with the being of individuals in a meaningless universe - of some influence to artist movements
EXPRESSIONISM
This is a style of art that is based on expressing the artists emotions. It is in direct opposition to the cerebral art of Geometric Abstraction. It is also not to be confused with Impressionism, which is also far different in its attempt to depict certain forms of lighting effects. Expressionism is not from a particular period, but started at the end of the nineteenth century with such artists as Vincent Van Gogh, and later with the Fauves, such as Henri Matisse. Most often the term is used as part of a movement's name such as the German Expressionist or the Abstract Expressionists. It is really any painting that is primarily based on the release of the artist's emotions. - An art movement of the early 20th century in which traditional adherence to realism and proportion was replaced by the artist's emotional connection to the subject. These paintings are often abstract, the subject matter distorted in color and form to emphasize and express the intense emotion of the artist. - An art movement dominant in Germany from 1905-1925, in which the quality of inner experience; the emotions of the artist are expressed through emphasis and distortion. The artists expresses what they have within themselves instead of what can actually be seen with the eyes. A few examples of Expressionists are Die Brcke, Francisco de Goya, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin. - 1905 - 1940 european art movement favoring subjective impressions, employing strong colors and sharp contours - dominant in german movements Die Bruecke and Blauer Reiter - influenced by cubism , fauvism and symbolism
EXPRESSIONNISME ABSTRAIT
1946 - 1960 USA - french term for abstract expressionism - non objective art movement characterized by feelings and emotions - the accidental appearing of their works is supposed to be an unconscious approach to pure abstraction - subcategories are action painting with focus on the physical act of painting and color field painting exploring effects of pure colors
FACE-PAINTING
Just an old synonym for portrait painting.
FACIST AESTHETIC
1930 - 1945 term for artwork presenting the superiority of the Aryan race - associated with the facist movement in Germany - in strong contrast to modern art - compare degenerate art and socialist realism
FAKE
term for an artwork of misleading appearance
FANLIGHT
A fan-shaped window over a door--it lets light in. The window is fan-shaped because of both its semicircular shape and the glazing bars that resemble the spokes of a fan.
FANTASTIC REALISM
1950 Austria - artist movement favoring decorative elements and phantasmagoric features - also called Ecole de Vienna or Wiener Schule - the french term is realisme fantastique
FAUVISM
An early twentieth century style of painting in France. Artists adhering to this style used intense colors together, and were given the name Fauves, French for "Wild Beasts," because it was felt that they worked in a violent, uncontrolled way. The leader of the Fauves was Henri Matisse. - 1905 - 1907 France - artist movement based on impressionism with medieval and african art elements and leanings from expressionism - intense colors
FAUVISME BRABANCON
1905 - 1909 Belgium - movement inspired by french fauvism
FIAC
since 1974 France - Foire internationale d'art contemporain - contemporary art exhibition in Paris
FIG LEAF
term for representations of nudes with covered genitals - hypocrite facility to avoid pornography accusations - employed under religious influence - compare kamasutra
FIGURATION LIBRE
1982 France - french variation of conceptual art , inspired by graffiti and punk
FIGURATION NARRATIVE
1968 France - movement favoring figurative subjects, inspired by publicity and comic strip - compare narrative art
FIGURATION SAVANTE
1985 France - movement favoring figurative subjects, inspired by historical perspectives and mysticism
FIGURATIVE
This term has two meanings. At first it was used to mean any painting that concerned itself with the representation of nature, human figures, landscapes, and still lifes. Lately, it has become used to mean any painting of the human figure. The latter meaning is becoming more common.
FIGURATIVE ART
term for artworks representing concrete figures - opposition to abstract art - the french term is art figurative
FIN DU SIECLE
1890 France - french term for end of the century - connected with aestheticism and art nouveau
FINE ART
term for artworks representing meticulous expressions, fine materials and noble sentiments - synonym for social standing and educated taste
FIXATIVE
Any for various sprays that are applied to a picture or drawing to hold the particles of pigment to the surface. The spray may be either workable, allowing for some erasure, or nonworkable and are much harder to work over. They can be purchased in spray cans or used with an atomizer. Most commonly used with pastel and charcoal drawings.
FLAKE WHITE
Lead white. A warm, fast drying white used extensively in oil painting.
FLEMISH ART
refers to the region between Belgium, Netherlands and France - schools in Antwerp, Bruges, Gent and Louvin
FLUXUS
1961 USA - art form targeting the performer as well as the audience
FOLK ART
Art made by people who have had little or no formal training in art. Folk artists usually make works of art with traditional techniques and content, in styles handed down through many generations, and often of a particular region. - work executed by artists with little or no formal training - traditional techniques - handed down through generations - opposed to fine art - compare naive art and outsider art
FORESHORTENING
technique using distorsion to create an impression of three dimensional space
FORMALISM
1920 - 1948 Russia - art movement, favoring forms and structures - compare aestheticism , structuralism and minimal art
FORMISME POLONAIS
1917 Poland - artist movement reacting against official art influences
FOUND OBJECT
term for all kinds of banal objects, which selected and exhibited by an artist becomes an artwork without being altered - readymade refers to manufactured objects - the french term is objet trouve - compare anti art
FOURTEENTH STREET SCHOOL
1925 USA - realism movement in New York
FRANCESCA
Piero della Francesca (1415 - 1492)  Pintor italiano nascido e falecido em Sansepolcro, Toscana. Talvez seja, hoje, o pintor italiano mais reverenciado de sua poca. Sua celebridade  recente, sendo que em seu tempo era conhecido como matemtico e terico da arte. Apenas no sculo XX, a pureza austera de suas formas e o domnio da luz e da cor passaram a ser devidamente apreciados. Algumas obras: Flagelao de Cristo e A Exaltao da Santa Cruz
FRANCIS BACON
British painter, 1909-1992, known for his large, grotesque yet colorful paintings of the human figure.
FREDERIC REMINGTON
American, 1861-1909, illustrator of the late nineteenth century American West.
FRIDA KAHLO
Mexican painter,1907-1954, whose tragic life was depicted in her paintings. Her work combines dreamlike imagery and realism.
FRONTE NUOVO
1946 Italy - artist group influenced by cubism
FROTTAGE
[
FUJICOLOR PRINT
Developed by Fuji Film of Japan, Fujicolor prints have the best color gamut and extreme longevity. It was developed originally for 1 hour processing. When used with the light jet printer, this process achieves amazing color saturation, contrast control and extreme sharpness.
FUNK ART
1951 USA - wide ranging term for unconventional artworks of moldy character - compare acid art
FUTURISM
A movement in modern art originating among Italian artists in 1909, when Filippo Marinetti's first manifesto of futurism appeared, until the end of World War I. Futurism was a celebration of the machine age, glorifying war and favoring the growth of fascism. Futurist painting and sculpture were especially concerned with expressing movement and the dynamics of natural and man-made forms. Giacomo Balla, Joseph Stella, Marcel Duchamp painted in the futurist style. - 1909 - 1914 Italy - abstract art movement with influences from expressionism, dadaism and surrealism - featuring dynamic elements, characterizing the modern world of technique - compare vorticism
GABLE
The triangular upper part of a wall closing the end of a ridged roof.
GADROONING
Lobed decoration consisting of convex curves. You'll usually see gadrooning on a surface curved in more than one plane--such as embossed bronze.
GALILEE
A one-story porch or chapel at the entrance of a church house. 
GAUGUIN
Eugne Henri Paul Gauguin (1848 - 1903) Pintor ps-impressionista francs nascido e falecido em Paris. Gauguin trabalhou como marinheiro mercante e corretor de aes antes de abraar a carreira de pintor. Foi o criador da tcnica do sintetismo, um estilo de representao simblica da natureza. Depois de uma breve colaborao com Van Gogh e Czanne, Gauguin mudou-se para a Polinsia. L, ele trabalhou incessantemente, inspirado pelos temas regionais das florestas do Taiti que o cercavam.  considerado o percursor do simbolismo e do fauvismo. Algumas obras: De Onde Viemos? O Que Somos? Para Onde Vamos?, Nunca Mais e Taitiana na Praia.
GENRE PAINTING
term for categories of artworks different from others in style and content - principally applied for everyday life scenes
GEOMETRIC STYLE
artworks presenting geometric shapes and forms, rather than organic elements
GEORGES SEURAT
French painter, 1859-1891, who with fellow artist Paul Signac originated the theory and practice of Neoimpressionism.
GEORGIA O'KEEFFE
American abstract painter, 1887-1986, famous for her still-life compositions.
GESSO
From the Italian for gypsum or plaster. This is used in the making of grounds for painting. The traditional gesso is made from a combination of hide glue and whiting, sometimes with pigment added. It makes a smooth, hard non-yellowing surface that is very absorbent. This ground is only for rigid supports because it is brittle. There are other gesso grounds made of half chalk and half oil. These can be used on flexible surfaces. The most common use of the term "gesso"; today, is in the acrylic gessoes. They are not as absorbent as the traditional ones, but are very strong and flexible. They can be used on any clean surface. They come ready made in various sized containers.
GESTURAL PAINTING
1980 Germany - artist movement exploring unconscious creativity sources - based on neo expressionism and symbolism - compare Neue Wilde
GICLE
A computerized reproduction technique in which the image and topology are generated from a digital file and printed by a special ink let printer, using ink, acrylic or oil paints. Gicle printing offers one of the highest degree of accuracy and richness of color available in any reproduction techniques.
GILDING
Affixing thin metal leaf to a surface to give the effect of solid or inlaid metal. It is a very old technique that goes back to the Egyptians and the Chinese. It reached its highest point at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century with Victorian fashion and in the gilding of gold picture frames.
GLAIR
Egg whites beaten until they are frothy, and mixed with a little water, and then let to stand until the froth disappears. This has been used for centuries as the adhesive for gilding and as the binder for paints used in manuscript illumination.
GLASGOW SCHOOL
1880 Scotland - group of artists insprired by the french naturalism movement
GLAZE
The technique of putting one transparent color over another, already dry color. Used in almost all mediums. Most talked about in oil and acrylics.
GOGH
Vicent Willen Van Gogh (1853 - 1890)  Pintor expressionista holands nascido em Groot Zundert e suicida-se em Auver-sur-Oise com um tiro no peito. Viveu no sul da Frana com Gauguin na famosa Casa Amarela, onde buscou mais luminosidade e cores vivas para suas obras. Devido a uma enfermidade mental, Van Gogh  internado em Saint Remy, onde pintou cerca de 150 quadros, e depois na clnica do Doutor Gachet imortalizado na obra Retrato do Doutor Gachet hoje encontrado no Museu do Louvre. Algumas das suas obras mais importantes so: Noite Estrelada, Trigal com Corvos e O Carteiro Rolin.
GOLDEN AGE
1880 - 1920 term applied for the european period of high demand in graphic art and the development of new reproduction techniques - connected with arts and crafts , art nouveau , Les Nabis and pre raphaelites
GOTHIC ART
1150 - 1450 style developed in the european middle ages - artwork of religious nature becoming more secular towards the renaissance era
GOUACHE
Opaque watercolor paint. Most commonly used for commercial illustration. Can be mixed with transparent watercolors to make less opaque. These paints are made by adding chalk to the pigments to make them opaque. The use of gouache goes back to medieval manuscript illumination and was used in 16th - 18th century minature painting. Many painters combine gouache, pastel watercolors and India ink in the same painting.
GOYA
Francisco Jos de Goya Y Lucientes (1746 - 1828) Pintor, desenhista e gravador espanhol nascido em Fuendetodos e falecido em Bordeaux, Frana.  considerado o ultimo dos grandes mestres antigos e o primeiro artista de sensibilidade moderna. Goya estudou em Saragoa com Luzn e sofreu influncia de Velzquez, Mengs e Tiepolo. Foi obrigado a fugir para a Itlia com um bando de saltibancos acusado de ofena a moral pblica. Regressou a Espanha em 1771, perdendo-se as obras pintadas na Itlia. Em 1792 uma enfermidade o ensurdeceu e alguns anos mais tarde foi nomeado pintor oficial da corte espanhola. Goya destaca-se por abordar temas fantsticos e demonacos e influenciou principalmente Manet. Principais obras: Execuo dos Rebeledes, Sab das Feitieiras e A Famlia Real.
GRAFFITI
1974 USA - term for a drawing or inscription on a public surface - often illegal - compare street art and muralism
GRAFFITI ART
An art form most popular during the 1970's and 1980's, but still alive today. The word Graffiti is the plural word for scratch in Italian. The actual practice of graffiti goes back to the Egyptians, but it was not thought of as an art form until the 1970's when the art world saw the work of street teens in the New York subways. There were some shows and artists acknowledged, but as soon as the raw street art came into the galleries of New York, the interest faded.
GRAPHIC ART
term for linear artwork covering drawings and engravings es well as print medias - employed for magazines, advertising and may others
GRAVURE
Started around 1879, a print process using copper plates. The plate is sometimes chrome plated to insure sharpness and continuous tones throughout the edition. This is a very complex and exacting photo process which produces great longevity.
GRECO
Domenikos Theotopoulos (1541? - 1614) Pintor maneirista espanhol, de origem grega, nascido em Cndia, Ilha de Creta, e falecido em Toledo. El Greco (O Grego)  o apelido pelo qual ficou conhecido entre os espanhis. Pintou paisagens, retratos e cenas descritivas, e em todas esses gneros sua produo se situa em altssmo nvel. Suas formas alongadas, a luminosidade e o colorido de suas obras so inimitveis. Pricipais obras: Vista de Toledo, A Cura do Cego e Laocoonte
GROUP F/64
1932 USA - group of american photographers
GROUP OF SEVEN
1913 Canada - group of landscape painters
GROUPE DE HALMSTADT
1929 Sweden - group of artists based on surrealism
GROUPE DE NOVEMBRE
1918 - 1933 Germany - artist group in Berlin under influence of the november revolution - the german term is Novembergruppe
GROUPE DE PUTEAUX
1911 France - artist movement, based on cubism - also called section d'or
GROUPE DES BATIGNOLLES
1869 - 1875 France - term for painters of the impressionism movement in Paris and the name of the cafe where they met
GROUPE DES HUIT
1952 Italy - abstract art movement  1909 Hungary - artist movement based on expressionism and cubism 
GROUPE DES OSMA
1952 Czechoslovakia - artist group influenced by expressionism and cubism
GROUPE DES XX
1884 - 1894 Belgium - group of avantgarde artists
GROUPE FORMES
1952 Belgium - artist movement
GROUPE REALISTE
1945 France - artist movement
GROUPE SITUATIONNISTE
1957 Italy - artist movement criticizing the capitalism
GROUPE SUPPORT SURFACE
1969 France - artist movement
GROUPE SURREALISTE
1924 Belgium - artist association based on surrealism in Brussels
GROUPE ZEN
1949 Germany - group of abstract art painters, based on japanese art elements
GROUPE ZERO
1957 - 1967 Germany - abstract art movement, close to nouvelle objectivite , favoring light structures - compare optical art
GRUPPO N
1960 - 1964 Italy - graphic art movement
GUSTAV KLIMT
Viennese painter, 1862-1918, who founded the Vienna Secession, the Austrian Art Nouveau movement.
HAKUHO
645 - 710 Japan - Period
HALLMARK
An official mark stamped on a piece of gold or silver as a guarantee that it conforms to a certain standard of purity. The main mark is that of the appropriate Assay Office (indicated by a symbol, e.g. a leopard's head for London), others showing the precise standard of fineness, the maker and the date.
HALS
Frans Hals (1582 - 1666)  Pintor holands nascido em Anturpia e falecido em Haarlem. Diferente dos demais artistas, pouco se preocupou, durante sua carreira, com o estilo e as realizaes dos grandes mestres italianos de sua poca. Criador de mais de 200 obras entre elas a memorvel tela Cavaleiro Sorridente, talvez o mais admirado retrato no mundo depois de Monalisa. Hals foi um autodidata responsvel, com seus belos retratos, pela criao de uma pintura independente em seu pas. Principais obras: Cavaleiro Sorridente, Ren Descartes e Malle Babbe
HAMAM
The Arabic word for "bath"; A real hamam, or Turkish bath, is generally large and heated from underneath. It has three sections: the camekan (dressing room), hararet (steam room), and sogukluk (antechamber).
HAMMAM
The Arabic word for "bath"; A real hamam, or Turkish bath, is generally large and heated from underneath. It has three sections: the camekan (dressing room), hararet (steam room), and sogukluk (antechamber).
HAPPENING
1952 USA - a variety of means for a spectacle - sometimes of chaotic qualities - large margins for creative actions - trying to establish a relation to the public - compare performance art , body art , conceptual art and environment art
HARD EDGE
1950 USA - term for abstract art painting with clear contours, separating colors and shapes
HARD-EDGE PAINTING
A term first used in 1958 by the critic Jules Langsner to describe the work of West Coast painters rejecting the brushy look of Abstract Expressionism. It later became used for all American work that treated the picture surface as a single flat surface. These paintings took on a geometrical look and usually had a limited palette. The style was popular through the 1950's and was practiced by such painters as Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, and Karl Benjamin.
HARDBOARD
Panels of shredded wood that is glued together with its own natural adhesive called lignin. It is excellent as a painting surface. It resists warping and swelling. It is made in two types, tempered and untempered. The tempered is impregnated with oil to aid in resisting moisture. It is harder and has a smoother surface. The surface of the tempered should be sanded to roughen it before priming. Both surfaces are good for painting.
HARING
Keith Haring (1959 - 1990) Pintor americano que inicialmente pintava com grafite nos metros de Nova Iorque. Trabalhando com velocidade e clareza notveis, as imagens de Haring passam uma energia conspcua na brevidade de suas linhas e nas relaes entre as cores fortes, deixando transparecer o seu interesse inicial pelo desenho grfico e formas figurativas simplificadas. Haring foi inspirado pelo cenrio club do East Village identificado com a msica punk e rap, com a dana break e a grafitagem como a afirmao pblica da expresso pessoal. Morreu devido a complicaes geradas pela AIDS. 
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
1915 USA - afro american art community based on cultural traditions
HC
(French, hors d'commerce) Prints from an edition intended to be used as samples to show to dealers and galleries.
HEIAN
794 - 1185 Japan - Period
HEIDELBERG SCHOOL
1880 Australia - impressionism movement in Melbourne
HENRI DE TOULOUSE-LATREC
French artist, 1864-1901, known for his paintings and lithographs of the cabaret entertainment and bohemian lifestyle that he was part of.
HENRI MATISSE
French artist, 1869-1954, the leader of the Fauve group and a master of the use of color and form to convey emotional expression.
HENRI ROUSSEAU
French painter, 1844-1910, created fantastic dream images in vibrant colors and compositions. A forerunner of the surrealistmovement.
HISTORY PAINTING
term for artwork presenting scenes from classical sources such as mythology, bible, legends
HOGARTH
William Hogarth (1697 - 1764)  Pintor e gravador ingls nascido e falecido em Londres. Aos 15 anos, foi aprendiz de ourives em uma oficina de gravuras. Foi um artista engajado e moralizante, fez obras de protesto e de stira, s vezes custica. Nenhum pintor antes dele ousara criticar a sociedade com tal violncia. Sua pintura teve mais influncia sobre a literatura romntica do que sobre a pintura. Foi o primeiro pintor ingls de projeo internacional. Algumas obras: A Boa Samaritana, Rua da Cerveja e O Casamento da Moda (2): Logo Aps o Casamento
HORS D'COMMERCE PROOF
Print identical to the edition print intended to be used as samples to show to dealers and galleries. Hers d'Commerce (abbreviated H.C.) proofs may or may not be signed by the artist.
HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL
1825 - 1870 USA - group of landscape painters favoring romantic images - compare romanticism
HYPER REALISM
1970 term for high detailed artwork, based on photographic sources - without sentiments and emotions - compare contemporary realism and photo realism
ICON
A painting, mosaic, or enamel representation of a religious figure. In Greek and Russian Orthodox Catholicism, the artist follows a strict set of rules for making the artwork. Other religions tend not to have these restrictions.
ICON PAINTING
since 6th century religious portraits and scenes based on orthodox theology - important schools in Moscow and Novgorod - compare byzantine art
ICONOCLAST ART
A type of art--without religious figures--created during the reigns of Leo III and a string of his successors (AD 730-843). These rulers banned religious figures.
ICONOGRAPHY
The systematic investigation of subject matter, rather than style. - term for a pictorial illustration of a subject
IDEOGRAM
term for a graphic symbol used to specify the sense of a message
IDEOLOGIC CLASSICISM
1923 - 1945 Germany - favored art style in fascist Germany - compare socialist realism
ILLUMINATION
term for initial letters, ornaments and decorations of manuscripts - compare miniature
ILLUSIONISM
tricky style presenting a three dimensional appearance - the french term is trompe l'oeil
IMP
(Latin, excudit) He (she) executed it. The meaning is synonymous with (Latin, impressit) he(she) printed it.
IMPASTO
A painting technique where the paint is thick enough to have actual form. The strokes themselves create some of the effect. Rembrandt was one who employed this technique to great success. - The raised surface of a print produced by a heavy layer of ink. - term referring to thick color applications and strong brush marks
IMPREMATURA
Term used in oil painting. It is a thin, transparent glaze of color. This glaze is applied to the surface over a drawing. It goes directly on the white surface. It is sometimes called a veil.
IMPRESSION
Fine art made by any printing or stamping process.
IMPRESSIONISM
An art movement founded in France in the last third of the 19th century. Impressionist artists sought to break up light into its component- colors and render its ephemeral play on various objects. The artist's vision was intensely centered on light and the ways it transforms the visible world. This style of painting is characterized by short brush strokes of bright colors used to recreate visual impressions of the subject and to capture the light, climate and atmosphere of the subject: at a specific moment in time. The chosen colors represent light- which is broken down into its spectrum components and re-combined by the eyes into another color when viewed at a distance (an optical mixture). The term was first used in 1874 by a journalist ridiculing a landscape by Monet called Impressionist-Sunrise. - A style of painting started in France during the 1860s. Impressionist artists tried to paint candid glimpses of their subjects in every day life, which showed the effects of sunlight on objects at different times and in different weather conditions throughout the day. The leaders of this movement were Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet and Pierre Renoir. - 1860 - 1880 France - artist movement against the academic art style - based on realism , favoring subjective impressions of light and shadow - compare pleinarisme
INC
(Latin, incidit) He(she) cut it. The meaning is synonymous with (Latin, impressit) he(she) carved it. These abbreviations refer to the individuals who engraved the master plate.
INDEPENDENT GROUP
1950 Great Britain - contemporary art group in London
INDIA INK
India ink originated in China, but was named so by the fact that the pigment used in making it came from India. The pigment is lampblack, bone black, or carbon black. Traditionally, it is mixed with a hot hide glue in the proportions of 1 part pigment to 2 or 3 parts glue and dried into sticks. These are rubbed on stone and the particles mixed with water. When it is manufactured in liquid form and sold in bottles, the pigment is mixed with a little shellac which makes it water-resistant. This ink is considered quite lightfast. It is not to be confused with the inks made for many technical pens, many of which are not water-resistant and not lightfast. India ink can be used with pens or brushes.
INDIVIDUAL MYTHOLOGY
1972 Germany - artist group
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
term for works uniting technical functionality with art accents - based on Bauhaus , Weimarer Schule and New Bauhaus
INGRES
Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780 - 1867)  Pintor francs nascido em Montauban e falecido em Paris. Em 1806 vai para a Itlia, onde fica 18 anos e recebe influncia de Rafael. Ingres era um desenhista poderoso, sendo que seus famosos retratos lhe garantiram um lugar na histria da pintura do sculo passado. Principais obras: O Banho Turco, A Fonte e Grande Odalisca Deitada (retrato da famosa Rainha Carolina de Npoles
INSTALLATION
This term is used in art to mean any work that is designed to be set up for viewing by the public. It is often designed for a specific site. They were first used in art in the 1970's and are still being done today. They are not as common today perhaps because of their unsalability. Most are only installed for a short time and then either moved or dismantaled. They can include any number or type of objects and activities imaginable. Some of the artists involved are Joseph Beuys, Daniel Buren, and Donald Lipski.
INSTALLATION ART
1970 USA - term for artworks presented indoors or outdoors, exploiting site specific qualities of space - compare environment art
INTAGLIO
Any print or printing process that uses the idea of the ink being in recessed grooves in the plate. The plates are inked and then wiped. The print is made by pressing a damp print paper in the plate and the ink is drawn up out of the grooves and onto the paper. Some of the processes included in this category are etching, engraving, drypoint, and photogravure. - A printing method that presses damp paper into a depression in a plate that is filled with ink, lifting it inot the paper. it employs such techniques as etching, engraving, and mezzotint. - The process of incising a design beneath the surface of hard metal or stone. Plates are inked only in the etched depressions on the plates and then the plate surface is wiped clean. The ink is then transferred onto the paper through an etching press. The printing is done with a plate bearing an image in intaglio and includes all metal-plate etching and engraving processes. The reverse of this process is known as relief printing.
INTERIEUR
french term for the inside view of a room - interior scenes - compare intimism
INTIMISM
1890 France - group of artists favoring intimate interior scenes - compare interieur
INV
(Latin, invenit) He(she) designed it. Generally inscribed next to the artist's signature.
INVENT
(Latin, invenit) He(she) designed it. Generally inscribed next to the artist's signature.
IRIS
A computerized reproduction technique in which the image and topology are generated from a digital file and printed by a special ink let printer, using ink, acrylic or oil paints. Gicle printing offers one of the highest degree of accuracy and richness of color available in any reproduction techniques.
ISLAMIC ART
generally limited on calligraphy - the presentation of human beings and animals is forbidden
JACKSON POLLOCK
American painter, 1912-1956, that was the leading artist of the Abstract Expressionist movement. He was the first all-over, action painter.
JACOBEAN STYLE
England's King James I is probably best-known for the King James Bible (1611). During his reign of 1603-1625, however, he had additional influence--on architecture and decoration prevalent. The look is coarse, but employs elaborate woodcarving and plasterwork.
JACOBETHAN
A mix of Jacobean and Elizabethan art styles. Imitations were popular in the 19th Century.
JAPAN DRYER
An alkyd resin-based liquid dryer for oils.
JAPONISME
1888 France - artists inspired by the japanese culture - influence to art nouveau
JASPER JOHNS
American pop artist, born 1930, considered by many to be the most important printmaker of our time.
JEUNE PEINTURE
1949 - 1964 France - artist movement inspired from realisme socialiste
JEUNE PEINTURE BELGE
1945 Belgium - artist movement
JIN
1115 - 1234 China - Dynasty
JOAN MIR
Spanish Painter, 1893-1983, whose surrealist works are some of the most original of the 20th century.
JOHN SINGER SARGENT
American painter, 1856-1925, who is known for his glamorous, naturalistic portraits of eminent or socially prominent people of the period.
JUGENDSTIL
1896 Germany - art nouveau movement - referring to the name of a magazine
JUNK SCULPTURE
Mostly known in the 1950's. Really started by Kurt Schwitters, the German Dada artist, who made assemblages from things found in the streets after World War I. As an art form it seemed to gain speed during the period after World War II with the manufacture of so much throwaway merchandise by the United States. These products were glued and welded together to make artwork which made varying statements on our culture. Artists include Cesar, Lee Bontecou, Robert Raushenberg, and Jean Tinguely.
KACHINA DOLL
A carved wooden doll. The North American Indians used these to represent supernatural beings. These people used Kachina dolls both to teach children about spirits and to perform fertility rites.
KALATHOS
A basket made of some material other than wicker, but representing a wicker basket nonetheless. 
KAMAKURA
1185 - 1333 Japan - Period
KAPISME POLONAIS
1923 Poland - artist movement
KINETIC ART
1965 based on cybernetic art with more extensions such as light variations etc. - the french term is art cinetique
KINETIC SCULPTURE
Any sculpture that contains moving parts. It started with the Dada artist, Marcel Duchamp, with his spinning bicycle wheel on a stool in 1913. The root of this style is connected by the interest in modern technology. This art form was most popular during the 1950's and 1960's. Today, it is still being carried on by some and is including work with lasers, computers and other high-tech methods. Two of the founders were Jean Tinguely and George Rickey.
KITCHEN SINK PAINTER
1949 - 1950 Great Britain - group of artists featuring unpleasant daily life scenes - influenced from social realism
KITSCH
This term refers to the "low-art"; artifacts of everyday life. Paintings of Elvis on velvet, lamps from the statue of David, and clocks in statues of Budda. The term comes from the German verkitschen meaning "to make cheap". It has been made popular in the years since the beginning of pop art. These objects are now revered by collectors as "camp"; making low art into high art. - german term for artworks without any aesthetic value, pretentious and of poor taste - sometimes employed als element of pop art - to compare with buckeye , banal art and calendar painting
KLIMT
Gustav Klimt (1862 - 1918) Pintor simbolista austraco nascido em Baumgarten, um subrbio de Viena, o interesse de Klimt pela arte foi incutido por seu pai, um entalhador em ouro e prata. Gustav Klimt chocou as platias no incio do sculo 20 com suas pinturas no ortodoxas e sutilmente erticas. Fundou a Vienna Secession, um grupo de artistas que se reuniu para condenar a pintura acadmica conservadora da poca. Klimt buscou inspirao em fontes exticas, mais notavelmente nos mosaicos Bizantinos. Principal obra: O Beijo.
LA ROSE BLEU
1907 Russia - artist movement based on symbolism
LACQUER
Ever wonder what lacquer really is? Well, it's an extremely hard, waterproof varnish. Shellac is a kind of lacquer.
LAMPAS
A special, heavy cloth. In the 18th Century, lampas appeared in high-quality silk upholstery.
LAND ART
1960 wide ranging term for artworks changing environment aspects - compare arte povera , conceptual art , earth art and environment art
LANDSCAPE
A work of art which depicts scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers and forests.
L'ART POUR L'ART
french term for art for art's sake - philosophical leitmotif considering that the beauty of art should be independent of concerns that demands other disciplins - influenced symbolism and the aesthetic movement
LAUTREC
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864 - 1901) Pintor expressionista, desenhista e litgrafo francs, nascido em Albi e falecido em Chteau de Malrom. Levou uma vida bomia entregue ao lcool e a entorpecentes. Em 1879 sofreu uma queda de cavalo que o aleijou as pernas. Foi influenciado por Manet, Degas e pelos gravadores japoneses. Lautrec tinha a capacidade de captar em poucos traos o essencial de uma cena ou carter. Influenciou Picasso e ajudou a popularizao do cartaz publicitrios, em sentido mais atual. Algumas obras: A Goulue no Moulin Rouge, O Div Japons e Mulher na Janela.
LAY FIGURE
Mannequin. Used to study and draw from when a model is not possible. There are lay figures of people and of some animals, such as horses.
LEONARDO
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519_ Pintor, escultor, arquiteto, engenheiro e cientista italiano da Escola Florentina, nascido em Vinci, perto de Florena, e falecido em Amboise, Frana. Foi um dos maiores gnios que a humanidade j produziu. Como artista foi o criador do estilo clssico da Alta Renascena, sendo que trabalhava principalmente a leo e usando vrias gradaes entre o negro e o branco. Devido  luz e a atmosfera, suas figuras pareciam se encontrarem num espao tridimensional. Sua obra artstica  pouco extensa, sendo que deixou muitas figuras inacabadas. Principais obras: Leda, Gioconda (ou Monalisa) e ltima Ceia.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
Florentine Artist, 1452-1519, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance. He was a celebrated painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist.
LES AMBULANTS
1870 Russia - artist movement
LES NABIS
1891 - 1899 France - hebrew for prophets - post impressionism group favoring mystical perceptions, employing graphic art elements - influenced by art nouveau and symbolism
LIAO
916 - 1125 China - Dynasty
LIBRE ESTHETIQUE
1894 Belgium - avantgarde movement, replacing the groupe des XX
LIGHTFAST
The ability of a substance, usually paint, to withstand exposure to daylight with out fading. This is a term found on tubes of paint. Remember, the term "lightfast" on a tube of artist's paint is a guarantee of permanence under normal conditions. The same term on a can of industrial paint or when referring to inks, only means the product is lightfast for the purpose it was intended. Not for artwork.
LIMITED EDITION
This is when the artist promises to not make more than a specified amount of prints. In the old days of printing the artist would destroy the plate or stone that the print was made from so no more could be made. This is still true today of the traditional printing methods, but most prints are made by offset photolithography, called lithographs, and since they are produced by the means of photographing an original, the buyer only has the word of the artist. An edition can be of any length. For the most part, really fine art prints are limited to 200 to 300 prints. Most of the offset prints are more in the area of 1000 copies. Some are far larger than that. There is no limit to the number of prints that could be made on a modern press. In the old days, the number of prints was very limited and the higher the number the poorer the print. However, today, with photo offset the last one is just the same as the first. - Set of identical prints numbered in succession and signed by the artist. The total number of prints is fixed or limited by the artist who supervises the printing hlm(her)self. All additional prints have been destroyed.
LINSEED OIL
An extraction from the seed of the flax plant, the same plant that is used to make linen for canvas.
LIQUIN
A painting medium manufactured by Winsor Newton. It is excellent when used with oils or alkyds. It speeds up the drying of oils, makes them more brushable, and gives gloss. Also adds transparency. Very good for glazing. It also resists yellowing.
LITH
Lithographed By. Usually follows the name of the printer of the lithograph.
LITHE
Lithographed By. Usually follows the name of the printer of the lithograph.
LITHOGRAPH
This is a printing process based on the fact that oil and water don't mix. It originated in Solnhofen, Germany where in 1798, Alois Senefelder discovered that when a greasy crayon was used to draw on a smooth limestone surface and then the surface was covered with water and then with ink, the ink would only stick to the stone where the greasy crayon had drawn marks. Paper could then be pressed on this surface and a print made of the drawing The process was soon refined and rapidly became a favorite printing method of and for artists. It was used by such greats as Goya, Daumier, Gricault, Delacroix, Degas, Munch, Toulouse-Lautrec. In the twentieth century it has been used by such artists as Picasso and Miro.
LITHOGRAPHS
A method created in the late eighteenth century, of printing from a prepared flat stone, or a plate. A drawing is made on the stone or plate with a greasy crayon or tusche, and then washed with water. When ink is applied it sticks to the greasy drawing is resisted by the wet surface allowing a print to be made of the drawing. The artist then covers the plate with a sheet of paper and runs both through a press under light pressure. For color lithography separate drawings are made for each color. George Catlin, Doris Lee, Grant Wood, Louis Lozowick, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Honor Daumier were all masters of Lithography.
LITHOGRAPHY
Printing technique in which image areas on a lithograph stone or metal plate and are chemically treated to accept ink and repel water, while non-image areas repel ink and retain water. Because the printing surface is flat, lithography is sometimes refered to as a "pianographic technique". - Printing technique using a planographic process in which prints are pulled on a special press from a flat stone or metal surface that has been chemically sensitized so that- ink sticks only to the design areas, and is repelled by the non-image areas. Lithography was invented in 1798 in Solnhofen, Germany by Alois Senefelder. The early history of lithography is dominated by great French artists such as Daumier and Delacroix, and later by Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec, Picasso, Braque and Mir6. - A method created in the late eighteenth century, of printing from a prepared flat stone, or a plate. A drawing is made on the stone or plate with a greasy crayon or tusche, and then washed with water. When ink is applied it sticks to the greasy drawing is resisted by the wet surface allowing a print to be made of the drawing. The artist then covers the plate with a sheet of paper and runs both through a press under light pressure. For color lithography separate drawings are made for each color. George Catlin, Doris Lee, Grant Wood, Louis Lozowick, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Honor Daumier were all masters of Lithography.
LONDON GROUP
1913 Great Britain - founded by members of the Camden Town group and the vorticism movement - avantgarde artists, reuniting all tendencies of modern english art
LORRAIN
Claude Gelle de Lorraine (1600 - 1682) Pintor e gravador francs nascido em Chamagne e falecido em Roma. De famlia pobre, empregou-se em Roma na oficina do pintor Tassi, que lhe ensinou o ofcio. Em 1625, regressou  Frana onde trabalhou com Deuret e dois anos depois retornou  Itlia de onde no mais sairia. Pintava diretamente a natureza, como iriam fazer os impressionistas 200 anos depois. Principais obras: O Embarque da Rainha de Sab, Meio-dia e Porto Martimo com Sol Poente
LUMINISM
The depiction of light in a painting. Any school of painting where the central theme is the depiction of lighting effects, such as pointillism and impressionism.
LUMINISTS
1850 - 1870 USA - group of landscape painters favoring light effects and poetic atmosphere
LYRICISM
1947 France - term for artworks in opposition to abstraction geometric favoring pure and free expressions - influence to art informel , peinture gestuelle and tachism - the french term is abstraction lyric
M.C. ESCHER
Dutch graphic artist, 1898-1972, noted for his distinctive prints depicting intricate interlocking patterns and optical illusions.
MACCHIAIOLI
1850 - 1860 Italy - artist movement favoring spot painting techniques
MAGIC REALISM
German art critic Franz Roh coined this phrase in 1924 to describe the less expressive (and more conservative) element of the neue sachlichkeit. - 1920 - european artist movement characterized by static appearance, favoring perspective effects  1953 - 1950 USA - artist movement favoring everyday scenes - inspired from surrealism
MAGOT
Cheap, ugly wares from China or Japan.
MAHLSTICK
A long stick a painter uses to support his/her brush-holding hand.
MANET
douard Manet (1832 - 1883)  Pintor francs nascido e falecido em Paris.  considerado a figura senior dentre os artistas impressionistas. Manet estudou as obras do artista holands Frans Hals, na Holanda, em 1872. Hals ensinou-lhe a liberar suas pinceladas e pintar com maior energia e verve. Manet  considerado um dos criadores do Impressionismo. Muitos dos jovens impressionistas daquela poca seguiram a liderana de Manet e abandonaram os tradicionais estilos artsticos at ento adotados. Esta tendncia serviu, em alguns casos, como inspirao para a arte moderna. Principais obras: Luncheon on the Grass e A Bar at the Folies-Bergere.
MANIPULATED PHOTOGRAPHY
Any photograph that has been altered by any means. The attempt here is to enhance the effect of the photograph by further manipulation. This has been used as an art form since the mid 1970's. Some artists working in the medium are Lucas Samaras, Joel-Peter Witkin, and Deborah Turberville.
MANNERISM
1530 - 1600 european art style of emotional character and complex compositions - era from renaissance to baroque
MARC CHAGALL
Russian painter, 1887-1985, distinguished for his surrealistic inventiveness, using subjects in a vein of humor, fantasy and the unconscious.
MARCEL DUCHAMP
French Artist, 1887-1968, associated with the Dadamovement.
MARY CASSATT
American painter, 1844-1926, an Impressionist who portrayed scenes of mothers and children in domestic settings.
MASSTONE
Sometimes called body color. This is the hue that is seen when a pile of the paint is sitting alone.
MASTIC
A resin from the pistachio tree and is from the Mediterranean areas of southern Europe. In painting, it is used to the making of varnishes. It adds in paint manipulation and gives a glossy finish but will bloom, darken and yellow so is inferior to most other varnishes. It was used in the nineteenth century in a mixture called Meglip, but the paintings in which it was used were subject to defects. Not to be used as a medium
MAT
Matting is the most popular way to protect works on paper when framing. There are many companies providing a wide range of colors and surfaces in various grades from standard to museum quality. Mats are cut into frames to be put in heavier frames so the artwork will be protected from the elements and from any of the surfaces that might harm it.
MATISSE
Henri-Emile-Benoit Matisse (1869 - 1954) Pintor francs nascido no norte da Frana, em Cateau-Cambresis. Apenas aos 21 anos se mostrou interessado na pintura como carreira. Matisse foi fortemente influenciado pelos artistas impressionistas que o precederam e s veio a desenvolver seu prprio estilo a partir de 1902. Liderou o ento recente movimento de arte chamado fauvismo. Seus trabalhos abandonaram o uso de cores suaves e, em lugar delas, usou tons mais escuros e mais vivos que resultaram em obras de arte em grande escala, todas em estilo decorativo. Pricipais obras: Vista da janela em Collioure e La Vis.
MAUL STICK
A wooden stick of various length, usually about 2 feet, with a wooden or cloth ball at one end. The end is put on a dry section of the painting and the stick is used as a support, upon which the brush hand can be rested to steady the brush.
MAXFIELD PARRISH
1870-1966, America's most beloved artists during the Golden Age of American Illustration in the early decades of the 20th century.
MEC ART
term for mechanical art in connection with photo and serigraphies
MEDIEVAL
term referring to middle ages - european period
MEDIUM
The material or technique used by an artist to produce a work of art.
MEIJI
1868 - 1912 Japan - Era
METAFISICA
1917 - 1920 Italy - artist movement favoring metaphysical painting - compare novecento - also called pittura metafisica
METAMATIC
term for animated artworks - programmed movements - compare assemblage
METAMORPHOSIS
as element of mythology scenes, the magic transformation from a human being into an animal etc.
METAPHYSICAL PAINTING
1917 Italy - movement favoring the philosophy of alternative realities - influence to dadaism and surrealism - compare metafisica and novecento
MEZZOTINT
A relief printing method that reverses the engraving process. A metal plate is abraded with a special tool and is made to have an overall burr. It would print a solid soft black. The design is then made by smoothing the surface with a burnisher so that it will not print in the burnished areas. The name comes from the combination of the Italian words mezzo, meaning half, and tinta, meaning tone. This combination giving the word mezzotint, or halftone. This is the unique property of this method in that with varying degrees of burnishing, different degrees of darkness can be achieved. The main drawbacks to this method is the lack of fine detail and the labor of preparing the steel plate. - (mezzo= half + tinta= tone), a reverse engraving process used on a copper or steel plate to produce illustrations in relief with effects of light and shadow. The surface of a master plate is roughened with a tool called a rocker so that if inked, it will print solid black. The areas to be white or gray in the print are rubbed down so as nor to take ink. It was widely used in the 18th and 19th centuries to reproduce portraits and other paintings, but became obsolete with the introduction of photo-engraving
MICHELANGELO
Michelangelo - Italian High RenaissanceArtist, 1475-1564, was one of the most inspired creators in the history of art. - Michelagniolo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564)  Pintor, escultor, arquiteto e poeta renascentista italiano nascido em Caprese e falecido em Roma. Foi influenciado por Masaccio e Luca Signorelli. Michelangelo foi, como seu grande rival, Leonardo da Vinci, um gnio criador, um talento universal e um dos mais ilustres representantes da Renascena Italiana. Principais obras: O Juzo Final, Criao de Ado e a decorao da Capela Sistin
MONET
Claude Monet (1840 - 1926) Pintor francs nascido em Paris e falecido em Giverny. Foi encorajado a pintar pela pintor Boudin, de quem se tornara amigo. Sofreu influncia de seu mestre e sobretudo a de Jongkind. Aps inmeras viagens, instala-se em Giverny, seu lugar preferido de trabalho. A denominao Impressionismo deriva de um quadro de Monet, Impresso, Sol Nascente, sendo assim,  considerado unanimemente o chefe da escola. Principais Obras: Montes de Feno, Impresso, Sol Nascente e Catedrais.
MICHELANGELO CARAVAGGIO
Italian painter, 1572-1610. His paintings depicted the truth, and he was condemned for being a naturalist in a traditional Rome.
MIDDLE AGES
450 - 1450 - european period until renaissance
MINERAL SPIRITS
[
MING
1368 - 1644 China - Dynasty
MINIATURE
term for initial letters, ornaments and decorations of manuscripts - also employed for small size portraits - compare illumination
MINIMAL ART
1960 - 1965 USA - variation of abstract expressionism - reducing the the elements to their primary structure - compare formalism
MINIMALISM
A style of art producing artwork that is in its most simple form. It stresses the idea of reducing to the minimum number of colors, values, shapes, lines and textures. No attempt is made to represent or symbolize any other object or experience. Minimalism is sometimes called ABC art, reductivism, and rejective art. Tony Smith, Ellsworth Kelly, Agnes Martin, Donald Judd and Richard Serra are examples of minimalists.
MINOTAURE
1943 Sweden - artist movement
MIRO
Joan Mir (1893 - 1883) Pintor espanhol nascido em Bracelona. Frequentou a Academia de Belas-Artes de Barcelona, abandonano o curso por imposio paterna. Exps a primeira vez em 1918, e no ano seguinte foi  Paris onde se filiou ao Dadasmo e, depois, ao Surrealismo, j sobre a influencia de Andr Breton. A partir de ento, passou a residir ora naquela capital, ora em Barcelona, ora em sua fazenda na ilha de Maiorca. Mir foi um dos maiores expoentes do surrealismo e caracteriza-se pelo uso de cores puras e leveza das linhas. Obras: Interior Holands, Maternidade e Carnaval de Arlequim. 
MIR
Joan Mir (1893 - 1883) Pintor espanhol nascido em Bracelona. Frequentou a Academia de Belas-Artes de Barcelona, abandonano o curso por imposio paterna. Exps a primeira vez em 1918, e no ano seguinte foi  Paris onde se filiou ao Dadasmo e, depois, ao Surrealismo, j sobre a influencia de Andr Breton. A partir de ento, passou a residir ora naquela capital, ora em Barcelona, ora em sua fazenda na ilha de Maiorca. Mir foi um dos maiores expoentes do surrealismo e caracteriza-se pelo uso de cores puras e leveza das linhas. Obras: Interior Holands, Maternidade e Carnaval de Arlequim. 
MIR
Joan Mir (1893 - 1883) Pintor espanhol nascido em Bracelona. Frequentou a Academia de Belas-Artes de Barcelona, abandonano o curso por imposio paterna. Exps a primeira vez em 1918, e no ano seguinte foi  Paris onde se filiou ao Dadasmo e, depois, ao Surrealismo, j sobre a influencia de Andr Breton. A partir de ento, passou a residir ora naquela capital, ora em Barcelona, ora em sua fazenda na ilha de Maiorca. Mir foi um dos maiores expoentes do surrealismo e caracteriza-se pelo uso de cores puras e leveza das linhas. Obras: Interior Holands, Maternidade e Carnaval de Arlequim.
MIXED MEDIA
Using two or more artistic media combined in a single composition. For example, watercolor and ink or charcoal and acrylic. - general term for tendencies combining different art forms and techniques, such as multi media
MODERN ART
since 1870 general term for art styles, rejecting the influence of academic art
MODERN STYLE
1890 - 1910 dynamic and decorative style in undulating lines, leaves, flowers and flaming elements favoring female curves - roots from romanticism and symbolism - the french term is art nouveau
MODERNISM
general term for innovative art styles, representing fantasy and abstraction instead of accuracy - compare modern art
MODIGLIANI
Amadeo Modigliani (1884 - 1920)  Pintor italiano nascido em Livorno e falecido em Paris. Foi influenciado por Cezanne, Lautrec e Picasso constituindo um estilo nico e inclassificavl. Suas pinturas se caracterizam pela simplicidade de traos e so inspiradas nas mscaras africanas.Algumas de suas obras: A Garonete, Nu em Rosa e Retrato de Jeanne Hbuterne. 
MOMOYAMA
1573 - 1615 Japan - Period
MONDRIAN
Piet Mondrian (1872 - 1944)  Pintor holands nascido em Amersfoort e falecido em Nova Iorque. Iniciou seus estudos com o pai que era pintor amador. Em 1910 mudou-se para Paris, onde sofreu a influncia de cubistas. Foi sucessivamente naturalista, pontilhista e cubista antes de adotar seu inconfundvel estilo abstrato. Em suas ltimas obras, dividia a superfcie do quadro em campos cromticos puros delimitados por linhas retas. Algumas de suas obras: Broadway Boogie-Woogie e Pintura Poema
MONOPRINT
sometimes used interchangeably with monotype, but it usually has a common image matrix inked differently each time. - One-of-a-kind print conceived by the artist and printed by or under the artist's supervision.
MONOTYPE
Also known as monoprint. A painting on metal, plastic, or glass plate printed as an edition of one on an intaglio press. Litho presses are sometimes used. - One-of-a-kind print made by painting on a sheet of metal or glass and transferring the still-wet painting to a sheet of paper by hand or with an etching press. If enough paint remains on the master plate, additional prints can be made, however, the reprint will have substantial variations from the original Image. Monotype printing is not a multiple-replica process since each print is uniqu
MONTAGE
An artwork comprising of  portions of various existing images such as from  photographs or prints, and arranged so that they  join, overlap, or blend to create a new image.
MULTI MEDIA
term for communication techniques, combining graphic, sound and text
MULTIPLE ORIGINALS
A set of identical fine prints in which the artist personally conceived the image, created the master plates, and executed or supervised the entire printing process. Example: etching.
MULTIPLE REPRODUCTIONS
A set of identical fine prints reproducing the image of an original artwork created by a non-printing process. Example: serigraph of an oil on canvas.
MURALISM
1930 term for wall paintings - art movement influenced from muralismo favoring decorative subjects - compare street art and graffiti
MURALISMO
1910 Mexico - artist movement, favoring wall paintings of revolutionary character - compare social realism and muralism
MUROMACHI
1392 - 1573 Japan - Period  
MYTHOLOGY
term for legends from ancient eras, remembering legendary events - of special interest in the renaissance
NAILHEAD
A small architectural ornament (often for a molding) shaped like a series of pyramids.
NAIVE ART
A condescending reference to untrained 20th Century painters. - Artwork that is produced by artists without formal training. Probably the best-known artist of this type is Grandma Moses. The style is generally childlike and innocent, but will have an unusual sensitive touch and a natural understanding of composition and spatial organization. This style should not be confused with folk art. Folk art contains functional forms that are specific to a culture. - term for the amateurish approach to artworks, free from established styles with childlike appearance, bright colors and detailed execution - became popular in the early twentieth century and influenced many modernist painters - sometimes referred as primitive art, folk art , outsider art - the german term is Sonntagsmaler
NARA
710 - 794 Japan - Period
NARATIVE ART
Art that represents elements of a story. For example, history painting portrays famous events from the past, and genre painting represents everyday events. Narrative can also refer to a textual element, either accompanying or in the artwork. Some fine examples of narrative artists are Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson and Duane Michals.
NARRATIVE ART
1960 - 1970 artwork presented in sequences such as storyboard, photography or video - close to conceptual art and performance art - compare figuration narrative and Spurensicherung
NATURALISM
1880 - 1920 artist movement favoring realistic representations including everyday life aspects - interpretations are not possible - compare realism
NAZARENER
1809 Germany - group of artists based on religious lifestyle - influenced the pre raphaelite group
NEAC
1886 Great Britain - New English Art Club - inspired from french impressionism
NEO CLASSICISM
1750 - 1850 France - art movement with historical tendencies, favoring greek and roman style elements and revolutionary subjects - rejecting the sumptuous rococo style as well as emotional baroque features - academic art conception
NEO CONCEPT ART
1980 art movement - compare conceptual art
NEO EXPRESSIONISM
1970 - 1980 general term for contemporary art works of expressionism qualities and vitality - compare transavanguardia , bad painting and Neue Wilde
NEO IMPRESSIONISM
1885 France - outgrow movement of impressionism - sophisticated techniques such as divisionism and pointilism - compare post impressionism
NEO PLASTICISM
1917 - 1931 Netherlands - dutch artist group De Stijl - favoring pure abstract art, reduced to geometric shapes and primary colors - influence on bauhaus and constructivism - compare purism
NEUE SACHLICHKEIT
1923 Germany - artist movement with social engagement, favoring reality subjects - influences from metafisica and dadaism - compare nouvelle subjectivite , magic realism and social realism - the french term is nouvelle objectivite
NEUE WILDE
1970 Germany - movement against the establishment in contemporary art employing style elements from fauvism and expressionism - related to bad painting , transavanguardia - the french term is nouveaux sauvages - compare neo expressionism and nouveaux fauves
NEW BAUHAUS
1937 USA - art movement based on Bauhaus and Weimarer Schule - ancestor of the Instute of Design in Chicago
NEW EXPRESSIONISM
1970 Germany - artist movement favoring dolorous and scaring subjects - the french term is nouvel expressionnisme
NEW FIGURATION
1981 France - figurative art movement, based on actuality and political subjects - the french term is nouvelle figuration
NEW IMAGE PAINTING
1980 USA - variation of neo concept art based on painting - compare transavanguardia and neo expressionism
NEW REALISM
1960 - 1963 european art movement, close to pop art , employing assemblage and readymade - the french term is nouveaux realisme
NICOLAS POUSSIN
1594-1665,French painter was the founder and greatest practitioner of 17th-century French classical painting. His work symbolizes logic, order, and clarity. He has influenced the course of French art up to the present day.
NON FIGURATIVE ART
1910 - 1920 term for artworks without any relation to reality - favoring ornamental aspects - relative to abstract art - roots from cubism , dadaism , futurism and vorticism
NON OBJECTIVE ART
general term for artworks without recognizable subjects - compare non figurative art
NON OBJECTIVISM
1913 Russia - non objective art movement
NORMAN ROCKWELL
American illustrator, 1894-1978, that depicted small-town American life. He is famous mostly for his covers of the Saturday Evening Post.
NOUVEAUX FAUVES
1978 Germany - artist movement based on neo expressionism - compare Neue Wilde
NOUVEAUX REALISME
1960 - 1963 european art movement, close to pop art , employing assemblage and readymade - french for new realism
NOUVEAUX SAUVAGES
1970 Germany - french term for Neue Wilde - movement against the establishment in contemporary art employing style elements from fauvism and expressionism - related to transavanguardia and bad painting - compare neo expressionism and nouveaux fauves
NOUVEL EXPRESSIONNISME
1970 Germany - artist movement favoring dolorous and scaring subjects - french term for new expressionism
NOUVELLE FIGURATION
1981 France - figurative art movement, based on actuality and political subjects - french for new figuration
NOUVELLE OBJECTIVITE
1923 Germany - artist movement with social engagement, favoring reality subjects - influences from metafisica and dadaism - compare magic realism and social realism - the german term is Neue Sachlichkeit
NOUVELLE SUBJECTIVITE
1976 France - artist movement returning to figurative art aspects, based on Neue Sachlichkeit
NOVECENTO
1922 - 1929 Italy - movement favoring metaphors and mystic subjects - compare metafisica and metaphysical painting
NOVEMBERGRUPPE
1918 - 1933 Germany - artist group in Berlin under influence of the november revolution - the french term is groupe de novembre
OBELISK
A single tapering rectangular block of stone. The movie 2001: A Space Odyssey had obelisks as a central part of the story. Obelisks are were prominent in Ancient Egypt, as monuments.
OBJET D'ART
French for "art object". The phrase usually refers to small, exquisite, and decorative art.
OBJET TROUVE
French for "found object"; An artist finds something, hardly does a thing to it, and presents it as either part of a work of art or a piece of art in its own right. - french term for found object - all kinds of banal objects, which selected and exhibited by an artist becomes an artwork without being altered - readymade refers to manufactured objects - compare anti art
OBSESSION ART
term for artworks based on fixed ideas and excessive preoccupations
ODALISQUE
term for a white female slave in a sultans harem - favorite subject of orientalists
OEUVRE D'ART
french term for artwork
OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY
A special photo-mechanical technique in which the image to be printed is transferred to the negative plates and printed onto papers. Offset lithography is very well adapted to color printing.
OIL OF CLOVES
From the blossoms of the clove tree. Very light in hue. The darker comes from the branches. For painting, it is used to make oil painting mediums. It is very slow drying and should be used sparingly in "alla prima"; techniques. It is sometimes used in restoration work.
OILS
Slow drying paint made when pigments are mixed with an oil, linseed oil being most traditional. Oil paints are usually opaque and traditionally used on canvas.
OLD MASTERS
term for artworks executed in the periods of renaissance , mannerism and baroque
OLEOPASTO
An alkyd resin based substance manufactured by Winsor Newton. Excellent for adding body to oil or alkyd paints. Can also be used as an extender. It will reduce the drying times when used with oils. (I like to mix it with white to speed up the drying).
OP ART
Short for optical art. This term was coined in 1964 by George Rickey. This style is abstract by nature and is based on trying to cause the illusion of movement with a stationary two dimensional surface. It reached its peak in popularity in the mid 1960's and then soon faded away but enjoyed a small resurgence in the 1980's. Some of the artists involved were Bridget Riley, Yaacov Agam, and Victor Vasarely. - 1955 - 1965 abbreviation of optical art - abstract art movement favoring visual effects and illusions - based on geometric style elements - compare retinal art and groupe zero
OPAQUE
The amount of transparency of a color or surface. The amount of light a surface will let go through it. All colors that have white added have a certain amount of opacity.
OPEN EDITION
A series of prints or objects in an art edition that has an unlimited number of copies. Original print - One-of-a-kind print in which the artist personally conceived the image, created the master plates, and executed the entire printing process.
OPTICAL ART
1955 - 1965 abstract art movement favoring visual effects and illusions - based on geometric style elements - also called op art - compare retinal art and groupe zero
ORIENTALISME
1750 - 1850 France - group of painters favoring exotic scenes - compare orientalists
ORIENTALISTS
term referring to painters featuring oriental subjects
ORIGINALS
A set of identical fine prints in which the artist personally  conceived the image, created the master  plates, and executed or supervised the  entire printing process. Example: etching.
ORPHISM
1912 France - avantgarde movement - abstract art , based on cubism , employing bright and contrasting colors - compare rayonism , Blauer Reiter , cubisme ecartele and synchronism
OSCAR KOKOSCHKA
Austrian painter, 1886-1980. A brilliant Expressionistwho also wrote poetry and plays.
OUTSIDER ART
term referring to artworks outside the mainstream movements, including folk art and naive art - sometimes applied for mentally disturbed
PABLO PICASSO
Spanish painter sculptor, 1881 - 1973, generally considered the greatest artist of the 20th century. One of the most prolific artists in history, creating more than 20,000 works.
PAINTING
Art work made with paint on a surface. Oil, acrylic, tempra and watercolor are all kinds of paint that can be used. Which surface is used, and the way it is prepared, along with various techniques and mediums used in and with the paint, all affect the finished product.
PALETTE
A small, usually wooden or plastic tray that holds an painter's colors.
PALIMPSEST
A writing (parchment, slab, or brass sheet) with the original text removed or hidden to allow a new text to be placed on it.
PASTICCIO
italian term referring to obviously bad imitations of artworks - the french term is pastiche
PASTICHE
french term referring to obviously bad imitations of artworks - compare pasticcio
PASTORAL
term for rural scenes of solemn character, often presented as shepherd idyll - compare champetre
PATTERN PAINTING
1975 USA - artist movement inspired from fauvism , favoring decorative ornaments and strong colors - compare decorative art
PAUL CZANNE
French painter, 1839-1906, often called the father of modern art.
PAUL GAUGIN
French postimpressionist painter, 1848-1903, whose lush color, flat forms, and subject matter helped form the basis of modern art.
PAUL KLEE
Swiss painter and graphic artist, 1879-1940, whose works are full of allusions to dreams, music, and poetry.
PEINTURE CULTIVEE
1984 Italy - artist movement based on academic art painting
PEINTURE FANTASTIQUE
1979 Yugoslavia - group of artists
PENTIMENTI
term for changes a painter makes in the course of creating a work that show through the surface of the paint or can be detected through the use of X rays
PERFORMANCE ART
since 1960 term for theatrical performances presented as art event - compare body art , conceptual art , happening and process art
PETER PAUL RUBENS
Flemish painter, 1577-1640, considered one of the most important artists of the 17th century. His vibrant, sensuous style became the definition of baroquepainting.
PETITS IMPRESSIONNISTES
french term for distinguished artists from the second row of the impressionism movement
PHOTOGRAPHY
since 1839 technique to produce images on a light sensitive surface
PHOTOGRAVURE
Started around 1879, a print process using copper plates. The plate is sometimes chrome plated to insure sharpness and continuous tones throughout the edition. This is a very complex and exacting photo process which produces great longevity.
PHOTOMONTAGE
A collage technique that uses parts of photographs. One artist known for this is David Hockney. - A composite image made by joining together portions (or all) of more than one photograph to synthesize a unique image.
PHOTOREALISM
1960 term for artworks presenting high detailed features resembling to photographs - compare contemporary realism and hyper realism
PICASSO
Pablo Ruiz Y Picasso Pintor, escultor, gravador, desenhista, ilustrador e ceramista espanhol, nascido em Mlagra e falecido em Mougins, na Frana.Talente precoce, Picasso aos 15 anos ingressouna escola de Belas-Artes de Barcelona. Um ano depois muda-se para a escola de Belas-Artes de Madrid. Quatro anos mais tarde radica-se em Paris. Foi influenciado por Czanne, El Greco, David, Mir, Ingres, Lautrec, Matisse e pela arte negra. Costuma-se dividir a imensa obra de Picasso em perodos, ou fases, onde se destacam o perodo azul, o perodo circense, o negro, cubismo analtico, papis colados e perodo neoclssico. Pricipais obras: Donzelas de Avinho (considerada a primeira obra cubista), Guernica e Retrato de dor Maar.
PICTORALISM
1900 photographer movement targeting to establish the aesthetic possibilities of photography
PICTURESQUE
term referring to conceptional scenes of pleasant character and nostalgic tendencies - compare Hudson river school - the french term is pittoresque
PIECE DE CONVERSATION
french term for a group portrait of honorable contemporaries
PIERCING
piercing body parts to fix embellishing objects - roots from ceremonial art of tribal cultures - form of body art
PIERO
Piero della Francesca (1415 - 1492)  Pintor italiano nascido e falecido em Sansepolcro, Toscana. Talvez seja, hoje, o pintor italiano mais reverenciado de sua poca. Sua celebridade  recente, sendo que em seu tempo era conhecido como matemtico e terico da arte. Apenas no sculo XX, a pureza austera de suas formas e o domnio da luz e da cor passaram a ser devidamente apreciados. Algumas obras: Flagelao de Cristo e A Exaltao da Santa Cruz.
PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR
French impressionistpainter, 1841-1919, best known for his luminous portrayal of the female nude.
PIET MONDRIAN
Dutch Artist, 1872-1944, who created his own theory and principles, including the conception of ultimate harmony and equilibrium that he named neoplasticism.
PINX
(Latin, pinxit) He(she) painted it. Generally inscribed next to the artist's signature.
PITTORESQUE
french term for picturesque, referring to conceptional scenes of pleasant character and nostalgic tendencies - compare Hudson river school
PITTURA METAFISICA
1917 - 1920 Italy - artist movement favoring metaphysical painting - compare novecento
PLANOGRAPHIC
The process to print  impressions from a smooth surface rather  than from creating incised or relief areas  on the plate. The term was devised to  describe lithography.
PLATE
Usually a glass or metal sheer coated with light-sensitive emulsion that is intended to receive the image through the aperture of the lens of a camera when inserted into the camera.
PLATINOTYPE
A print formed by exposing a negative in contact with payer that has been sensitized with iron salts and a platinum compound. This process is highly prized for its unique cones, high color saturation, exceptional details and beautiful papers. It is a highly permanent and costly process.
PLATINUM PRINT
A print formed by exposing a negative in contact with payer that has been sensitized with iron salts and a platinum compound. This process is highly prized for its unique cones, high color saturation, exceptional details and beautiful papers. It is a highly permanent and costly process.
PLEIN AIR
Painting that is done outdoors, looking at the subject matter, rather than in the studio. - Since 1850 France - french term for open air - paintings that have been executed outdoors - the Ecole de Barbizon is considered as precursor of the mouvement leading to impressionism
PLEINARISME
since 1850 France - french term for paintings that have been executed outdoors - the Ecole de Barbizon is considered as precursor of the mouvement leading to impressionism - also called plein air painting
PLOP ART
term for public art works, with the intention to embellish a public place, rather than to present an artwork
PLURALISM
1970 - 1980 term for the philosophical approach to multiculturalism, promoting the variety of styles as vigorous elements of post modernism
POINTILISM
1886 France - style of painting based on divisionism , developed in the neo impressionism movement - primary colors applied as dots to the canvas generating a mosaic like impression - compare post impressionism
POLLOCK
Jackson Pollock (1912 - 1956)  Pintor abstrato norte-americano nascido em Cody e falecido em um desastre de automvel em East Hampton, Long Island. Pollock  o representante mais tpico da escola abstrato-expressionista dos Estados Unidos, e sua influncia atual  imensa. Em suas obras, utilizou materiais no convencionais e as cores so espalhadas por meio de esptula ou simplesmente salpicadas. Algumas de suas obras: Cavalo, A Chave e Nmero 7. 
POP ART
A style of art which seeks its inspiration from commercial art and items of mass culture (such as comic strips, popular foods and brand name packaging). Pop art was first developed in New York City in the late 1950's and soon became the dominant avant-garde art form in the United States. - An art style that focused attention upon familiar images of the popular culture, such as billboards, comic strips, magazine advertisements and supermarket products. Richard Hamilton, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg are among the most well known pop artists. - 1955 - 1961 artist movement focused on contemporary consumer culture - divided into proto pop and pop art II
POP ART II
1961 USA - artist movement focused on mass media and contemporary consumer culture such as comic strip , advertisements and supermarket products - compare proto pop
PORNOGRAPHY
term for sexual explicit presentations, often confused with violence and hardcore subjects - compare fig leaf and kamasutra
PORTRAIT
A work of art that portrays a person, group of people or an animal. Portraits usually indicate what a person looks like as well as revealing some of the subject's personality. Self portraits are of the artist, done by him or her self.
POST IMPRESSIONISM
1890 - 1900 France - art movement following impressionism and neo impressionism , favoring expressions of light and structures - compare pointilism and Les Nabis
POST MINIMALISM
1971 artist movement favoring embellishing and pictorial elements - compare minimal art
POST MODERNISM
1960 term applied for the changing of principles from earlier modernist styles - compare modernism and modern art
POST POP
1960 term for tardive pop art movements, such as arte povera , body art , land art and conceptual art
POSTER
printed on paper and placed in public areas they were used for advertisement already in the 15th century - considered as art commodity since the introduction of lithography techniques - the french term is affiche
POUSSINISME
1630 - 1720 baroque art movement favoring the painting technique of Poussin - compare Rubenisme
PP
Printer's proof - Print retained by the printer as a reference. Artists often sign these prints as a gesture of appreciation.
PRE RAPHAELITE
1948 - 1953 Great Britain - group of academic art painters favoring literary symbolism , pure beauty and romantic style elements - close to the Nazarener group - compare naturalism and renaissance
PRECISIONISM
1913 - 1930 USA - artist movement based on european cubism - also called cubist realism
PRIMARY COLORS
The colors yellow, red and blue. These three colors make it possible to mix all the other colors of the spectrum.
PRINTER'S PROOF
Also known as BAT. Prints outside the edition that are property of the master printer. - Print retained by the printer as a reference. Artists often sign these prints as a gesture of appreciation.
PROCESS ART
1960 presenting the action of creation as aesthetic information - compare action art and performance art
PROLETARISCHE KUNST
1932 - 1991 german term for artworks glorifying the achivements of the socialist working class, corresponding to the doctrines of the former Soviet Union - compare socialist realism and ideologic classicism
PROOFS
Proofs are prints authorized by the artist in addition to the limited signed and numbered edition. The total size of an art edition consists of the signed and numbered prints plus all outstanding proofs. If a set of proofs consists of more than one print, numbers are inscribed to indicate the number of the prints within the total number of the particular type of proof, (e,g., AP 5/20 means the fifth print in a set of 20 identical. prints authorized as artist's proofs). Proofs are generally signed by the artist as validation of the prints.
PROSPECT ART
term for illusionary presentations, such as landscapes serving as theatre scenery
PROTO POP
1955 Great Britain - artist movement inspired from neo dadaism and happening , presenting banal objects in effectual sceneries - compare combine painting , readymade and pop art II
PROVENANCE
Record of ownership for a work of art, ideally from the time it- left the artist's studio to its present location, thus creating an unbroken ownership history.
PSYCHEDELIC ART
term for delirious visions or for artworks created under influence of drugs
PUBLIC ART
term for artworks especially designed for wide ranging interests, exposed to public access - compare plop art
PURISM
1918 France - movement inspired from cubisme synthetique favoring rigor and authenticity
QUADRATURE
A class of painted mural decorations depicting architectural subjects.
QUARRY
A small square glass pane.
QING
1644 - 1911 China - Dynasty  
RAFAEL
Rafaello Sanzio (1483 - 1520)  Pintor renascentista italiano nascido em Urbino e falecido em Roma. Comeou a pintar sob a orientao paterna. Sofreu influncia de Perugnio e Sebastiano at aos prprios Leonardo da Vinci e Michelangelo. Rafael morreu aos 37 anos, acumulado de honras e riquezas, porm a brevidade de sua existncia no permitiu o pleno desenvolvimento de suas extraordinrias aptides. Fez inmeros retratos e Madonas e pintou a Sala della Segnatura do Vaticano. Principais obras: Retrato de Castiglione, So Jorge e A Ressureio (hoje encontrada em So Paulo, Brasil
RAIL
A wooden strip fixed to the wall as protection at chair-back height (dado rail or chair rail); or horizontal framing in a paneled door (or wall paneling); or the front piece of the seat-frame on a chair (seat-rail).
RAISING
Making a cup or container shape from a metal sheet by hammering it into shape over a wooden block.
RAPHAEL
Italian renaissancepainter, 1483-1520, known for painting Madonnas, portraits, murals and the papal apartments in the Vatican.
RAYONISM
1910 Russia - artist movement based on cubism - close to orphism
RBARTS
Welcome to rbarts - fine art style glossary - this is still a beta-version with limited search functions - please go to www.artarchiv.com for detailed informations - there are many other useful tools to discover.....
READYMADE
1913 - 1921 term for a banal object presented as artwork without or with little alteration - compare dadaism , surrealism and rhopography
REALISM
Art which is an accurate depiction of nature. This is a term that is used in the most general sense. The term originated in the mid nineteenth-century, in France, when the painter Gustave Courbet said that since he had never seen an angel he could certainly never paint one. He devoted his life to painting the life around him. Realism was a big part of the art world until the 1950's when it was almost eliminated from critical consideration. It resurfaced in the 1960's with Pop art and the new realism. Today, realism is still a big part of the art world and is argued all the time as to its merits. Sometimes there is a very fine line between realism in hight art and hack art. - A style of painting which depicts subject matter (form, color, space) as it appears in actuality or ordinary visual experience without distortion or stylization. - The realistic representation of people, places and/or things in a work of art. Realism is sometimes considered synonymous with naturalism. The realist school was a mid-nineteenth century style of art in which artists discarded earlier schools of thought to paint familiar scenes and events as they actually looked. Ugly or commonplace subjects were often depicted, with aims at a sociopolitical or moral message. Some artists who use realism are Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Edouard Manet, Gustave Courbet and Jean-Franois Millet. - 19th century - european movement in opposition to the idealistic classicism favoring realistic presentations, permitting free interpretation - compare naturalism
REALISME FANTASTIQUE
1950 Austria - french for fantastic realism - artist movement favoring decorative elements and phantasmagoric features - also called Ecole de Vienna or Wiener Schule
REALISME PITTORESQUE
1850 France - artist movement favoring picturesque and anecdotic subjects
REALISME SOCIALISTE
1932 - 1989 french term for socialist realism - artworks glorifying the achivements of the socialist working class, corresponding to the doctrines of the former Soviet Union - compare ideologic classicism
REGENCE
1715 - 1725 France - term for transition periods - as style element considered is the transition from Louis XIV to Louis XV - compare regency
REGENCY
1811 - 1820 Great Britain - term for transition periods - as style element considered is the transition from George III to George IV - compare regence
RELIEF
All printing processes in which  the non-printing areas of the block or  plate are carved, engraved, or etched  away. Inks are applied onto the  protected surface and transferred onto  the paper. The reverse process is known  as intaglio printing.
REMARK
A small drawing, painting, or sketch added to the border or image of a print. It increases the value of the print because only a few prints are remarqued.
REMARQUE
A small drawing, painting, or sketch added to the border or image of a print. It increases the value of the print because only a few prints are remarqued. - Small sketch in the margin of an art print or additional enhancements by the artist on some or all of the final prints within an edition.
REMBRANDT
Dutch baroqueartist, 1606-1669, who's use of chiaroscuro effects and bold impasto made him one of the greatest artists of all time. - Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 - 1669) Pintor e gravador holands nascido em Leyden e falecido em Amsterdam. Freqentou o atelier do pintor romanista Pieter Lastman. Alm de Lastman, Hrcules Seghers e Gerard Dou o influenciaram. Em seus trabalhos abordou toda espcie de temas, mas foi sobretudo como retratista que consolidou sua fama e enriqueceu. A segunda metade de sua vida foi marcada por uma srie de golpes: o pintor v morrerem sua mulher, sua amante e cinco de seus seis filhos e alm disso, uma violenta crise leva-o  runa por volta dos 50 anos. Principais obras: A Ronda Noturna, A Noiva Judia e Aristteles Contemplando um Busto de Homero.
RENAISSANCE
A revival of cultural awareness that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and design, and included an emphasis on humans, their environment, science and philosophy. A few of the more famous Renaissance artists are Donatello, Giovanni Bellini, Sandro, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Drer, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. - 1350 - 1550 european period, characterized by the revival of cultural awareness, with an emphasis on science and philosophy
RENAISSANCE EARLY
1420 - 1500 centerd in Italy - based on studies of anatomy and perspective
RENAISSANCE HIGH
1500 - 1530 centerd in Italy - the culmination of the early Renaissance
RENAISSANCE LATE
1530 - 1550 outgrow period leading to mannerism
RENAISSANCE NORTHERN
1450 - 1550 centerd in Germany and Netherlands - of gothic influence - high detailed works and great technical execution - influenced from the italian movement
RENOIR
Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841 - 1919) Pintor impressionista francs nascido em Limoges e falecido em Cagnes. Aos 21 anos ingressa na Escola de Belas-Artes de Paris, passando logo aps a conhecer Monet. Sofre, de incio, inmeras influncias principalmente de Coubert e de Fantin-Latour, e s em 1868, com Retrato de Lise, d expanso  prpria personalidade. Obras mais importantes: O Moinho de la Galette, Banhistas, Almoo dos Barqueiros e No Terrao
RESTRIKE
Reprinting of a plate after an edition is complete. Such prints are not signed or numbered and the plate is reworked and canceled. - Additional prints made from a master plate, block, lithograph stone, etc. after the original edition has been exhausted.
RETINAL ART
term for artworks appealing to the eye, rather than to the mind - compare op art
RETROSPECTIVE
term for an exhibition showing significant works of a living artist, covering the artistic development - compare catalogue raisonne
RHOPOGRAPHY
term for presentations of trivial objects including scraps - compare readymade and arte povera
RICHARD AVEDON
American photographer, born 1923, specializing in portraiture.
ROBERT MAPPELTHORPE
American photographer, 1946-89, whose critically acclaimed work is also controversial for its often sexual content.
ROCAILLE STYLE
1720 - 1780 french term for decorative elements characterized by sinuous asymmetric contours and vegetal features - also called Louis XV style - synonym for the rococo style
ROCOCO
1720 - 1780 final phase of the Baroque era, leading to neo classicism - featuring romantic subjects and carefree lifestyle
ROMANESQUE
950 - 1250 european period characterized by sacral architecture - massive elements with rounded arches - illumination art of linear quality
ROMANISM
16th century Netherlands - art movement based on italian contemporaries
ROMANTICISM
1790 - 1850 european movement of the revolutionary era, coexisting with neo classicism - emotional subjects - featuring nostalgia, tradition, passion, heroism and mysticism - compare Hudson river school - An art style which emphasizes the personal, emotional and dramatic through the use of exotic, literary, or historical subject matter. - In the early nineteenth century, Romanticism flourished. The style emphasized the bold, dramatic and emotional. Romanticists rejected the cool logic of the establishment classicists, rendering subjects in their natural state, filled with raw action, often set in the past. While classicism also emphasized the past, Romantics were emotionally raw, usually despondent, and melodramatically tragic. Thodore Gricault, Eugne Delacroix, Henry Fuseli, William Blake, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich and Francisco Goya all painted in the Romantic style.
ROMANTISME
1789 - 1848 France - movement of the revolutionary era, coexisting with neo classicism - emotional subjects - featuring nostalgia, tradition, passion, heroism and mysticism
ROY LICHTENSTEIN
American Painter, 1923-1997, was the controversial pioneer of Pop Art.
ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS
since 1768 Great Britain - academic art institution in London
RUBENISME
1630 - 1720 baroque art movement favoring the painting technique of Rubens - compare Poussinisme
S-CURVE
Any serpentine line in art. The phrase often refers to the shape formed by figures in gothic sculpture, with their hips thrust forward or to one side.
SADDLE BAR
A horizontal bar that holds a pane in a window.
SAINT IVES SCHOOL
1939 Great Britain - artist group
SALON D'AUTOMNE
since 1903 France - art exhibition in Paris, established as reaction against the influence of the official salon
SALON DE PARIS
since 1795 France - art exhibition organized by the Academie des beaux arts
SALON DES INDEPENDANTS
1884 - 1914 France - art exhibition organized by artists rejected from the official salon de Paris
SALON DES REFUSES
1836 - 1870 France - art exhibition in Paris for paintings having been refused at the official show of the Academie des beaux arts
SALVADOR DALI
Spanish painter,1904-1989, the most widely known member Surrealistmovement.
SANDRO BOTTICELLI
Italian renaissance painter, 1445-1510. One of the best-loved quattrocento painters.
SCARIFICATION
related to body art - producing small cuts on the skin in decorative purpose - compare tattooing
SCENES GALANTES
french term for gallantry - popular style element in the rococo era portraying the carefree life of aristocracy
SCRATCHBOARD
A cardboard coated with gesso and then with a dark color such as India ink. The drawing is then done by scratching into the dark surface to expose the white board. This will give the look of a wood engraving. There are various tools that can be used to do the scratching. Some fit in standard pen holders. Scratchboard was introduced in the 19th century and is used mostly in commercial art.
SCULP
(Latin, incidit) He(she) cut it. The meaning is synonymous with (Latin, impressit) he(she) carved it. These abbreviations refer to the individuals who engraved the master plate.
SCULPTURE
A three-dimensional work of art that has been cast, carved, modeled, or constructed.
SCUMBLE
Scumbling is the technique of putting a semi-dry paint over an existing dry paint in such a way as to create a haze. This is done with semi-opaque or opaque paint, and is used mostly in oil and acrylic painting.
SECTION D'OR
1911 France - artist movement, based on cubism - also called groupe de Puteaux
SECULARISM
philosophy since the Renaissance, favoring human rather than religious values
SENGOKU
1490 - 1573 Japan - Period
SERIGRAPHY
A printing technique that makes use of a squeegee to force ink directly on to a piece of`paper or canvas through a stencil creating an image on a screen of silk or other fine fabric with an impermeable substance. Serigraphy differs from most other printing in that its color areas are paint films rather than printing-ink stains.
SEZESSION BERLIN
1899 Germany - artists movement, separated from former associations searching for new impulses leading to expressionism
SEZESSION MUNICH
1892 Germany - artists movement, separated from former associations searching for new impulses
SEZESSION VIENNA
1897 Austria - variation of Jugendstil - compare art nouveau
SHADE
The property of a color that is the darkness of the color. When a color is darker than it is in its pure form, it is said to be a shade of that color.
SHARP-FOCUS REALISM
German art critic Franz Roh coined this phrase in 1924 to describe the less expressive (and more conservative) element of the neue sachlichkeit.
SHOWA
since 1926 Japan - Era
SICCATIVE
Metallic salts that are mixed with paint to speed up the drying process. They should be used sparingly. They can cause cracking and brittleness.
SILKSCREEN
A printing technique that makes use of a squeegee to force ink directly on to a piece of`paper or canvas through a stencil creating an image on a screen of silk or other fine fabric with an impermeable substance. Serigraphy differs from most other printing in that its color areas are paint films rather than printing-ink stains. - A printmaking method in which ink is forced through a stencil and screen of silk or fine mesh, onto the printing surface, one color and area at a time.
SILVER GELATIN
A high-quality, black-and-white photographic printing technique in which a natural protein is used as a transparent medium to hold light-sensitive silver halide crystals in suspension, binding them to the printing paper or film, yet allowing for penetration of processing solutions. Made famous by photographers like Weston and Adams, these prints require incredible skill to achieve the rich black and white contrasts while maintaining the subtle gray tones and amazing derails throughout the image. Popular from 1920s to present.
SOCIAL REALISM
1930 term for critical artworks presenting realistic everyday life scenes with social background - compare art engage , muralismo , american scene painting , Kitchen sink painter and Neue Sachlichkeit
SOCIALIST REALISM
1932 - 1991 term for artworks glorifying the achivements of the socialist working class, corresponding to the doctrines of the former Soviet Union - compare ideologic classicism - the french term is realisme socialiste
SONG
960 - 1279 China - Dynasty
SONNTAGSMALER
german for sunday painter - term for artists without formal training, painting just for fun - the style is also called naive art  
SPATIALISME
1946 Italy - artist movement influenced by time and space
SPURENSICHERUNG
1960 Germany - artist movement sensitive to interpretations of ancient objects - close to narrative art
STAND OIL
[
STEREOGRAM
1990 term for computer generated three dimensional images
STILE LIBERTY
italian term for art nouveau
STILL LIFE
A picture of inanimate objects, sometimes arranged by the artist.
STORYBOARD
series of illustrations, depicting actions and scenes of a movie production
STREET ART
1970 USA - based on muralism , wall paintings with publicity features - compare public art and graffiti
SUI
581 - 618 China - Dynasty
SUPREMATISM
1913 - 1919 Russia - geometric style movement, inspired from cubism and futurism
SURREALISM
A term that is much abused and misused nowadays. It was coined in 1917, but was really given birth by the French poet Andr Breton in 1924 when he defined it as "pure psychic automatism by which it is intended to express..... the true function of thought. Thought dictated in the absence of all control exerted by reason, and outside all aesthetic or moral preoccupations."; Surrealism followed hard on the heels of Dada. It was a psychological approach to Dada art. It went in two directions in the 1920's, one the dream world of painters like Salvador Dali which were painted in precise realist style, the other, was the work of painters such as Joan Mir and Andr Masson. These were loosely drawn figures or form shown in shallow space. The last official surrealist painter was Ashile Gorky working in New York. Other painters of note are Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Yves Tanguy, Remedios Varo, Pablo Picasso, and Ren Magritte. - An art style developed in Europe in the 1920s, characterized by using the subconscious as a source of creativity to liberate pictorial subjects and ideas. Surrealist paintings often depict unexpected or irrational objects in an atmosphere of fantasy, creating a dream-like scenario. - French writer Andr Breton produced this twentieth century avant-garde movement. Surrealism is influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud, the images found to be as confusing and startling as those of dreams. Surrealist works sometimes used free association as a means to eliminate conscious control to be able to express the workings of the unconscious mind. Surrealism may also use a realistic but irrational style, precisely describing dreamlike fantasies. Some Surrealists are Ren Magritte, Salvador Dali, Yves Tanguy, Joan Mir, Max Ernst and Andr Masson.
SURREALISM
1924 - 1950 european avantgarde movement, favoring the visual imagery of subconscious experiences - influenced from symbolism , dadaism and metaphysical painting - 1886 France - artist movement characterized by mysticism and romanticism - employing dream imageries and mythology elements - influence to art nouveau , Les Nabis and surrealism
SYNCHRONISM
1912 France - avantgarde movement - abstract art , based on cubism , employing bright and contrasting colors - compare Blauer Reiter - also called cubisme ecartele and orphism
SYMBOLISM
An art style developed in the late 19th century characterized by the incorporation of symbols and ideas, usually spiritual or mystical in nature, which represent the inner life of people. Traditional modeled, pictorial depictions are replaced or contrasted by flat mosaic-like surfaces decoratively embellished with figures and design elements.
TABLE
The artist does not mean a dining table! The word can refer to a picture painted on panel.
TACHISM
1945 France - modern art movement performing the physical act of painting as a spontaneous creation, transforming emotions into color spots - compare abstract expressionism , art informel , abstraction lyric and action painting
TACHISME
The French art critic Charles Estiennie, in the early 1950s, started using this word to characterize abstract painting where the artist applied the color in blots or stains.
TAGGING
term for the signature on a graffiti
TAISHO
1912 - 1925 Japan - Era
TANAGRA FIGURINES
Small painted terra-cotta statuettes from ancient Greece. Usually depicting every day life. Named after a small town in Boeotia that was an important site of their production in the latter part of the 4th and 3rd century B.C.
TANG
618 - 907 China - Dynasty
TATTOOING
injecting pigments into the skin with help of needles - related to body art - roots from ceremonial art of tribal cultures
TERRA COTTA
A baked clay. It is usually a redish-brown in color. The word really means, baked earth. This clay is used by many sculptors and potters. It is also used in the manufacturing of some roof tiles. It has excellent shaping and molding qualities.
THALO BLUE
The American trade name for the paint pigment known as phthalocyanne blue and green.
THALO RED
The American trade name used to denote the pigment called quinacridone red when it is of the scarlet or yellowish shade.
THOMAS MORAN
Dutch Artist, 1872-1944, who created his own theory and principles, including the conception of ultimate harmony and equilibrium that he named neoplasticism.
THUMBNAIL
term for a very small image derived from larger ones - used in digital imagery as appetizer
TINT
The property of a color that is the lightness of the color. When a color is lighter than it is in its pure form, it is said to be a tint of that color.
TOULOUSE
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864 - 1901) Pintor expressionista, desenhista e litgrafo francs, nascido em Albi e falecido em Chteau de Malrom. Levou uma vida bomia entregue ao lcool e a entorpecentes. Em 1879 sofreu uma queda de cavalo que o aleijou as pernas. Foi influenciado por Manet, Degas e pelos gravadores japoneses. Lautrec tinha a capacidade de captar em poucos traos o essencial de uma cena ou carter. Influenciou Picasso e ajudou a popularizao do cartaz publicitrios, em sentido mais atual. Algumas obras: A Goulue no Moulin Rouge, O Div Japons e Mulher na Janela
TP
Trial proof. - Precursor to a limited edition series, these initial prints are pulled so that the artist may examine, refine, and perfect the prints to the desired final state. Trial proofs are generally not signed.
TRANSAVANGUARDIA
1979 Italy - movement based on neo expressionism - italian variant of new image painting
TRANSCENDENTALISM
1850 philosophical theory, considering that transcending experience leads to a higher state of knowledge
TRIAL PROOF
Precursor to a limited edition series, these initial prints are pulled so that the artist may examine, refine, and perfect the prints to the desired final state. Trial proofs are generally not signed.
TRICK OF THE EYE
A style of painting in which architectural details are rendered in extremely fine detail in order to create the illusion of tactile (tangible) and spatial qualities. This form of printing was first used by the Romans thousands of years ago in frescoes and murals. Trompe L'oeil can be thought of as a form of architectural realism.
TRIPTYCH
A set of three paintings, related in subject and set side by side. Originally used as altarpieces. Works in this style date from the medieval time. Today, we see the style used in many decorative paintings.
TROMPE L'OEIL
A French term meaning deception of the eye. In painting it is used to classify paintings that are painted so realisticly as to fool the viewer into thinking the objects in the painting are not painted, but real. One of the famous painters in the style is the 19th century painter, William Michael Harnett. - A style of painting in which architectural details are rendered in extremely fine detail in order to create the illusion of tactile (tangible) and spatial qualities. This form of printing was first used by the Romans thousands of years ago in frescoes and murals. Trompe L'oeil can be thought of as a form of architectural realism. - french term for illusion of reality - tricky style presenting a three dimensional appearance - also called illusionism
TROUBADOURS
term for french painters favoring medieval scenes and court portraits
TURPENTINE
[
UKIYO-E
These Japanese pictures (17th to 19th centuries) celebrated the culture of the Yoshiwara (brothel) quarter of Edo (Tokyo). Geishas were favorite subjects, but so were landscapes and scenes from historical legends, epics, and folktales.
UNCIAL
This is a type of calligraphy, introduced in the 4th century AD. The letters look much like Roman capitals, but with rounded--instead of sharp--angles.
UNDERGROUND
provocative style mocking conventional art forms - important element in the dadaism movement - compare anti art
UNDERTONE
The property of a color that can be seen when it is mixed with a large amount of white into a tint or spread very thin on a surface such as a watercolor wash. The stronger the undertone, the more pigment in the paint.
UNISME POLONAIS
1928 Poland - artist movement
UNIT ONE
1933 Great Britain - artist association
VAN
Vicent Willen Van Gogh (1853 - 1890)  Pintor expressionista holands nascido em Groot Zundert e suicida-se em Auver-sur-Oise com um tiro no peito. Viveu no sul da Frana com Gauguin na famosa Casa Amarela, onde buscou mais luminosidade e cores vivas para suas obras. Devido a uma enfermidade mental, Van Gogh  internado em Saint Remy, onde pintou cerca de 150 quadros, e depois na clnica do Doutor Gachet imortalizado na obra Retrato do Doutor Gachet hoje encontrado no Museu do Louvre. Algumas das suas obras mais importantes so: Noite Estrelada, Trigal com Corvos e O Carteiro Rolin.
VAN GOGH
Vicent Willen Van Gogh (1853 - 1890)  Pintor expressionista holands nascido em Groot Zundert e suicida-se em Auver-sur-Oise com um tiro no peito. Viveu no sul da Frana com Gauguin na famosa Casa Amarela, onde buscou mais luminosidade e cores vivas para suas obras. Devido a uma enfermidade mental, Van Gogh  internado em Saint Remy, onde pintou cerca de 150 quadros, e depois na clnica do Doutor Gachet imortalizado na obra Retrato do Doutor Gachet hoje encontrado no Museu do Louvre. Algumas das suas obras mais importantes so: Noite Estrelada, Trigal com Corvos e O Carteiro Rolin
VANISHING POINT IN PERSPECTIVE
The point towards which a set of lines appear to converge, though they are really in parallel to each other.
VANITAS
From the Latin for "vanity". These are still-life paintings--often featuring a skull--that try to remind the viewer of how temporary human life really is. In the 17th Century, these paintings were very popular in Holland.
VARNISH
[
VEDUTA
A depiction of a whole or large portion of a town or city. Paranesi's engravings of Rome are a good example. A venduta ideata is a scene which is realistically conceived but is completely imaginary.
VEDUTISME
16th - 18th century Italy - term for precise and realistic presentations of town- and landscapes
VELAZQUEZ
Diego Rodrgues de Silva Velzquez (1599 - 1660) Pintor espanhol nascido em Sevilha e falecido em Madrid, sendo um dos maiores vultos da pintura ocidental. Sofreu influncia de Caravaggio e Pieter de Aertesen. Em 1622 visitou Madrid pela primeira vez e um ano mais tarde foi nomeado pintor oficial da corte espanhola. Viajou muito para a Itlia, onde estudou obras de Ticiano, Veronese e Tintoretto. Velzquez dominou todas as regras e tcnicas de pintura e inovou em temticas. Influenciou Monet, que apreciava o colorido de suas obras. Principais obras: Infante Dom Carlos, As Lanas e Jesus em Casa de Marta. 
VELZQUEZ
Diego Rodrgues de Silva Velzquez (1599 - 1660) Pintor espanhol nascido em Sevilha e falecido em Madrid, sendo um dos maiores vultos da pintura ocidental. Sofreu influncia de Caravaggio e Pieter de Aertesen. Em 1622 visitou Madrid pela primeira vez e um ano mais tarde foi nomeado pintor oficial da corte espanhola. Viajou muito para a Itlia, onde estudou obras de Ticiano, Veronese e Tintoretto. Velzquez dominou todas as regras e tcnicas de pintura e inovou em temticas. Influenciou Monet, que apreciava o colorido de suas obras. Principais obras: Infante Dom Carlos, As Lanas e Jesus em Casa de Marta.
VENETIAN SCHOOL
The painters leading the development of oil painting in Venice during the 16th century. Characterized by paintings with a rich glowing warmth caused by the building up of layers. These painters also were pioneers in the use of secular subjects. Among the leading artists of this school were Giorgione, Bellini, Titian, and Tintoretto.
VENICE TURPENTINE
[
VERISM
1920 Germany - artist group, influenced from italian movements, favoring realistic presentations of everyday life character, pointing out the ugly side - compare realism
VERNISSAGE
french term marking the start of an exhibition
VIDEO ART
1960 artwork presented as media performance
VINCENT VAN GOGH
Dutch postimpressionist painter, 1853-1890, whose work started the idea of emotional spontaneity in painting. His most well known paintings are wild and colorful, using small brushstrokes loaded with paint.
VINCI
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519) Pintor, escultor, arquiteto, engenheiro e cientista renascentista italiano da Escola Florentina, nascido em Vinci, perto de Florena, e falecido em Amboise, Frana. Foi um dos maiores gnios que a humanidade j produziu. Como artista foi o criador do estilo clssico da Alta Renascena, sendo que trabalhava principalmente a leo e usando vrias gradaes entre o negro e o branco. Devido  luz e a atmosfera, suas figuras pareciam se encontrarem num espao tridimensional. Sua obra artstica  pouco extensa, sendo que deixou muitas figuras inacabadas. Principais obras: Leda, Gioconda (ou Monalisa) e ltima Ceia
VIRTUAL REALITY
term for interactive simulations, covering all features of pc controlled media
VISIONARY PAINTING
since 1800 artist movement preceding the fantastic realism movement
VISUAL ART
1950 general term for artworks based on optical illusions - optical art is one of them - the french term is art visuel
VORTICISM
1912 - 1915 Great Britain - avantgarde movement featuring the influence of modern technologies - abstract art style with roots from cubism and futurism
WAINSCOT
Interior paneling in wood.
WALDGLAS
Utilitarian glass (usually pale green) made in the late Middle Ages in Bohemia and Germany.
WALL PLATE
A beam running along the top of a wall to support the roof joists.
WALNUT OIL
A natural drying oil. Used in the mixing and grinding of oil colors. Yellows less than linseed oil, but more than safflower oil. This makes it good for making light colors. It dries relatively fast, but is very expensive.
WARM AND COOL COLORS
Colors on opposite sides of the color wheel give opposing feelings. The warm colors; reds, and yellows, are often associated with fire and sun, which suggest warmth. On the other side, cool colors; blues and greens, are often associated with water, sky, and spring, which suggest coolness. Psychologically, cool colors are said to be calming, whereas warm colors energize. Optically, cool colors appear to recede, and warm colors give the impression of being closer.
WASSILY KANDINSKY
Russian abstract painter, 1866-1944, one of the originators of abstract expressionism.
WATERCOLORS
Paint that uses water as a medium. Watercolor generally uses the white of the paper showing through, because using white paint makes it opaque rather than translucent. Watercolors are one of the more unforgiving mediums, since mistakes cannot be covered with more paint due to its translucent nature.
WATERHOUSE
English Pre-Raphaelite, 1849-1917, who combined mythology and feminine mystique to create beautiful paintings.
WEIMARER SCHULE
1919 - 1925 Germany - school, setting accents on industrial design and functionality, uniting artists familiar to neo expressionism - the movement is called Bauhaus and influenced the New Bauhaus style in the USA
WHITING
Chalk. Made from calcium carbonate, derived from limestone or dolomite. Whiting can come in various grades of coarseness. For painting, it is used in the making of gesso.
WIENER AKTIONISMUS
1970 Austria - psychological orientated action art movement, involving the public into the process of creation
WIENER SCHULE
1950 Austria - artist movement favoring decorative elements and phantasmagoric features - also called realisme fantastique - the french term is Ecole de Vienna
WIENER SEZESSION
1897 Austria - variation of Jugendstil - compare art nouveau
WILSON
Richard Wilson (1713 - 1782)  Pintor britnico nascido e falecido no Pas de Gales. Foi o primeiro grande paisagista britnico. Iniciou sua carreira como um obscuro retratista da sociedade e s se deu conta do seu potencial para o paisagismo quando, em 1750, com quase quarenta anos, visitou Roma. Foi influenciado por Lorrain e Dughet. Foi membro fundador da Academia Real de Londres. Algumas obras: Manchas em Branco e Solido
WINSLOW HOMER
American naturalist painter, 1836-1910, who is often considered one of the greatest American 19th-century artists.
WOOD ENGRAVING
A relief printing technique where a block of wood is incised with a special tool to create the printing surface. The wood is cut transversely to create an end grain. Only very hard wood is used, such as box wood or red maple. The drawing is transferred to the surface and then the cutting is done. The design is made by the nonprinting area of the block. This process was developed in England in the 18th century. William Blake used this process and by the mid nineteenth century, it was the standard method of illustrating books and magazines. The use of the process for these purposes came to an end with the introduction of photoengraving. Scratchboard imitates the wood engraving technique.
WOODCUT
A relief printing technique in which the printing surface is carved with special tools in a solid block of wood. The wood is cut longitudinally from the tree so the grain runs the length of the block. The block is cut and then inked with a brayer or dabber. The paper is then placed in the block and the whole thing is run through a press or rubbed over by a baren or the bowl of a large spoon. This art form was developed in Europe in the 14th century. The oldest prints from wood blocks are playing cards. It reached its height in skill with the work of skilled artisans carrying out the designs of such great artists as Albrecht Durer. The use of etchings and line engravings pushed woodcuts out of the center of attention for fine art in the 17th century. It was revived as an artistic medium in the 18th century by such artists as Gauguin and Millet. Edvard Munch designed, cut, and printed his own woodcuts adding to the revival. - An image created by carving a negative image into a block of wood. The surface is inked with a brayer and printing done with a relief or intaglio - Printing technique in which the printing surface has been carved from a block of wood. The traditional wood block is seasoned hardwood such as apple, beech, or sycamore. A modern trend, however, is to use more inexpensive and easily attainable soft woods such as pine. Woodcut is one of the oldest forms of printing. It was first used by the Chinese in the 12''' century and later in Europe toward the end of the 14th century.
WORPSWEDE
1890 Germany - artist movement leading to Jugendstil
X-HEIGHT
Printing lingo for the height of the lowercase letters of a given font or typeface.
XEROGRAPHY
term for a photocopy process, referring to the Xerox trademark
XYLOGRAPHY
Wood engraving.
XYSTUS
An open colonade. 
YAMATO-E
The Japanese naturalistic narrative style of painting (circa 10th century).
YANTRA
A geometric diagram Buddhist mystics use for focusing during meditation.
YELLOW BOOK STYLE
1894 Great Britain - term for art nouveau referring to the name of a magazine
YUAN
1279 - 1368 China - Dynasty
ZEBRA
1964 Germany - artist movement, favoring realism features
ZEN
1949 Germany - group of abstract art painters, based on japanese art elements
ZENGA
Japanese paintings (in ink) characterized by their boldness and spontaneity.
ZERO
1957 - 1967 Germany - abstract art movement, close to nouvelle objectivite , favoring light structures - compare optical art
ZWISCHENGOLDGLAS
This is German for "gold and glass sandwich". The art is glass formed of two layers that sandwich a decoration in gold leaf.
DOUARD MANE
French Painter, 1832-1883, whose work inspired the impressionist style.
