_TERMINE_RELATIVO_VETERINARIA_EQUINA_(INGLESE)
_SPIEGAZIONE_DEL_TERMINE_(INGLESE)
ABAXIAL
AWAY FROM THE CENTRAL AXIS OF A STRUCTURE.
ABSCESS
A LOCALIZED INFECTION OF THE SENSITIVE TISSUES WITHIN THE HOOF. ABSCESSES OFTEN CAUSE LAMENESS WHICH USUALLY SUBSIDES WHEN THEY ARE DRAINED. IF NOT DRAINED INTENTIONALLY, ABSCESSES OFTEN RUPTURE AT THE CORONARY BAND OR THE BULBS OF THE HEELS. A.K.A.: GRAVEL; PUSS POCKET.
ACETYLENE TORCH
A BLOWTORCH WHICH BURNS A COMBINATION OF COMPRESSED ACETYLENE GAS AND OXYGEN. USED FOR WELDING, BRAZING, AND CUTTING METALS.
ACRYLIC
ANY OF NUMEROUS THERMOPLASTIC OR THERMOSETTING POLYMERS OR COPOLYMERS OF ACRYLIC ACID, METHACRYLIC ACID, ESTERS OF THESE ACIDS, OR ACRYLONITRILE, USED IN HORSESHOEING TO FILL GAPS OR CRACKS IN THE HOOF WALL.
ACUTE
COMING ABOUT SUDDENLY AND SEVERELY, BUT PERSISTING BRIEFLY. SEE ALSO: CHRONIC.
ADHESION
STICKING TOGETHER. THE ABNORMAL JOINING OF LIVING TISSUES.
AFA
AMERICAN FARRIERS ASSOCIATION. U.S. BASED ORGANIZATION OF FARRIERS FOUNDED IN 1971. ADDRESS: 4059 IRON WORKS PIKE, LEXINGTON, KY 40511
AFCL
ASSOCIATE OF THE FARRIERS COMPANY OF LONDON. PREVIOUS TITLE FOR FARRIERS AT THE LEVEL NOW DESIGNATED A.W.C.F.
AGE
DETERMINED BY REGISTRATION PAPERS, BREEDERS CERTIFICATE, THE ERUPTION AND EAR OF THE TEETH, THE FEEL OF THE RIBS, JAW OR TAIL. ONE HORSE YEAR IS SAID TO BE EQUAL 5 TO 7 HUMAN YEARS.
ALUMINIUM
A NON-MAGNETIC, CONDUCTIVE, METALLIC ELEMENT. ATOMIC NUMBER 13, ATOMIC WEIGHT 26.981526; MELTING POINT 660.2*C; BOILING POINT 2,467*C; SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.69; VALENCE 3. IT IS VERY ABUNDANT IN IMPURE FORM IN THE EARTH'S CRUST. REFINED ALUMINUM IS VERY LIGHTWEIGHT, WORKABLE, AND EASILY RECYCLED.
AMERICAN FARRIERS ASSOCIATION
SEE AFA.
ANGULAR DEFORMITIES
CONFORMATIONAL GROWTH PROBLEMS WHERE BONES THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO BE IN LINE INSTEAD FORM SHALLOW ANGLES WHEN VIEWED FROM FRONT OR BACK.
ANKYLOSIS
[FROM THE GREEK ANGKYLOS, CROOKED]: FUSING OF A JOINT.
ANNULAR LIGAMENTS
LIGAMENTS WHICH FORM SHEET-LIKE BANDS TO HOLD TENDONS IN PLACE.
ANTERIOR
ON OR TOWARDS THE FRONT. SEE ALSO: POSTERIOR.
ANTISEPTIC
INHIBITS MICROBIOTIC GROWTH.
ANVIL
[ANGLO-SAXON ANFILT; FROM AN, ON, AND FEALDAN, TO FOLD]: (1.) A BLOCK OF STEEL AGAINST WHICH METALS ARE HAMMERED. THE LONDON PATTERN ANVIL, WHICH BEGAN IT'S EVOLUTION IN THE 13TH CENTURY, HAS BEEN THE TRADEMARK OF FARRIERS AND BLACKSMITHS FOR THREE CENTURIES. SHOP ANVILS COMMONLY WEIGHED HUNDREDS OF POUNDS, WITH THE LARGEST KNOWN BEING 1400 POUNDS. MODERN FARRIER ANVILS OFTEN HAVE SPECIAL FEATURES AND USUALLY WEIGH BETWEEN 50 AND 150 POUNDS. (2.) IN HUMAN ANATOMY, THE MIDDLE BONE {INCUS} IN THE EAR. ANVIL SHOOTING: (1.) A RECREATIONAL PRACTICE IN WHICH AN EXPLOSIVE CHARGE IS PLACED BETWEEN TWO ANVILS AND IGNITED, LAUNCHING THE TOP ANVIL AS MUCH AS 100 FEET INTO THE AIR. A.K.A: BLOWING THE ANVIL (2.) HAMMERING A WHITE-HOT PIECE OF IRON AGAINST A WET ANVIL. THIS PRODUCES A PISTOL-SHOT LIKE SOUND.
APPRENTICE
[FROM LATIN APPRENDO, TO SEIZE OR APPREHEND]: TRADITIONALLY, AN INDIVIDUAL WHOSE PRIMARY REWARD FOR LABOR IS THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN A TRADE. THE APPRENTICE IS USUALLY BOUND TO AN ESTABLISHED CRAFTSMAN FOR A SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME AND PAID A MODEST SALARY. AN APPRENTICE CANNOT ACCEPT PAYMENT FOR HIS WORK DIRECTLY FROM CUSTOMERS. FARRIER APPRENTICESHIPS TRADITIONALLY RUN FROM 3 TO 5 YEARS IN LENGTH.
APRON
A GARMENT WORN OVER THE FRONT PART OF THE LEGS TO PROTECT THE LEGS FROM FIRE OR PIERCING HORSESHOE NAILS. USUALLY MADE OF LEATHER OR BALLISTIC NYLON.
ARC WELDER
A DEVICE WHICH USES HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRODES TO GENERATE INTENSE, CONCENTRATED HEAT. USED TO WELD AND CUT METAL.
ARM & HAMMER
BRAND OF FORGED ANVILS FROM 1900 UNTIL 1950.
ARTERIES
THE THICK-WALLED VESSELS WHICH CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE TISSUES.
ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES
SEE: AVA.
ARTICULATION
THE RANGE OF MOVEMENT OF A SKELETAL JOINT.
ARTICULATORY CARTILAGE
THE GRISTLE COVERING THE SURFACE OF THE BONES AT THE JOINTS.
ASSOCIATE OF THE FARRIERS COMPANY OF LONDON
SEE A.F.C.L..
ATMOSPHERIC FORGE
A PROPANE FORGE THAT REQUIRES NO BLOWER. PERFECTED BY DONALD JONES OF NC TOOL IN 1982. THIS WAS THE FIRST GAS FORGE IN WHICH GOOD WELDS COULD CONSISTENTLY BE MADE.
ATROPHY
[FROM THE GREEK ATROPHIA, NOT TO NOURISH]: SHRINKING OR DEGENERATION OF TISSUES. USUALLY RESULTS FROM DISUSE OR DISEASE.
AVA
ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES. SPECIAL BLOOD VESSELS WHICH ACT AS BYPASS VALVES, DIVERTING BLOOD AWAY FROM THE TINY CAPILLARIES WHICH NOURISH THE LAMINAE. OPENING THE A.V.A.S REDUCES BLOOD FLOW RESISTANCE, THEREBY INCREASING THE FLOW RATE. THIS IS THOUGHT TO BE A MECHANISM FOR PREVENTING FROSTBITE IN EQUINE HOOVES.
AWCF
ASSOCIATE OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS. A RECOGNITION OF ADVANCED SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE AWARDED BY THE W.C.F.. APPLICANTS MUST HAVE ACHIEVED THE D.W.C.F. AT LEAST TWO YEARS PRIOR. THE TWO DAY A.W.C.F. EXAMINATION INCLUDES THREE ESSAY QUESTIONS, TO BE ANSWERED FULLY AND WITH COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS, LIVE REMEDIAL SHOEING, ADVANCED SHOE FORGING, AND A 30 MINUTE ORAL QUESTIONING PERIOD.
AXIS (AXIAL)
THE CENTRAL LINE OF THE BODY OR ANY OF ITS PARTS, ON OR CLOSE TO THE LINE ABOUT WHICH THE STRUCTURE WOULD ROTATE.
BACK PUNCHING
USING A PRITCHEL TO OPEN OR ENLARGE NAIL HOLES, DONE FROM THE HOOF SURFACE OF A SHOE.
BACKING-UP THE TOE
THE REMOVAL OF HORN FROM THE HOOF WALL ON THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE TOE. SOMETIME NECESSARY TO BALANCE THE HOOF.
BACKWARDS SHOE
A CONVENTIONAL HORSESHOE APPLIED WITH THE HEELS OF THE SHOE AT THE TOE OF THE HOOF. THIS USUALLY REQUIRES THAT EXTRA NAIL HOLES BE MADE. THE BACKWARDS SHOE ACTS AS A ROCKERED TOE EGGBAR SHOE. A.K.A: REVERSE SHOE; OPEN TOE EGG BAR; NAPOLEON SHOE.
BAG OF MARBLES
MULTIPLE BONE FRACTURES IN A SMALL AREA.
BALANCE
A CONDITION WHICH EXISTS WHEN THE WEIGHT PLACED ON EACH LEG OF THE HORSE IS DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY OVER THE FOOT OF THAT LEG. A HORSE'S FOOT IS SAID TO BE IN BALANCE WHEN VIEWED FROM THE FRONT OR REAR IF THE MEDIAL AXIS OF THE LEG, PASTERN, AND FOOT ARE IN A STRAIGHT LINE. THE FOOT IS SAID TO BE IN BALANCE WHEN VIEWED FROM THE SIDE OF THE MEDIAL AXIS OF THE PASTERN COINCIDES WITH THE AXIS OF THE FOOT WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE HOOF WALL AT THE TOE.
BARCUS
BRAND OF SHOEING STOCKS FROM AROUND 1865 TO AROUND 1930.
BAR SHOE
ANY HORSESHOE WHICH IS NOT INTERRUPTED BY AN OPENING BETWEEN THE HEELS. VARIOUS FORMS OF BAR SHOE ARE USED TO INCREASE SUPPORT SURFACE, APPLY PRESSURE, PREVENT PRESSURE, OR STABILIZE THE SHOE.
BAR STOCK
THE METAL STOCK FROM WHICH HANDMADE HORSESHOES ARE FORGED. TYPICAL STEEL HORSESHOE BARSTOCK IS 5/16" BY 3/4", BUT MANY OTHER SIZES ARE ALSO USED. BARSTOCK IS GENERALLY PURCHASED BY THE LINAR FOOT.
BARS
A SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOUND IN THE SOLE, STARTING AT THE HEEL AND ENDING AT THE POINT OF THE FROG.
BASAL
BASE OR GROUND SURFACE, PART OF HOOF FARTHEST FROM THE CORONARY SURFACE OF THE HOOF AT ANY GIVEN POINT.
BASAL CRACK
A SANDCRACK WHICH STARTS AT THE GROUND SURFACE AND SPLITS UPWARD.
BASE NARROW
WIDER AT THE CHEST THAN AT THE FEET.
BASE WIDE
WIDER AT THE FEET THAN AT THE CHEST.
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
THE DELICATE, MICROSCOPICALLY THIN LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN THE SECONDARY HORNY AND SECONDARY SENSITIVE LAMINAE WITHIN THE EQUINE HOOF. THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE IS UNIFORM, SMOOTH AND UNBROKEN IN HEALTHY HOOVES, BUT BREAKS DOWN AND TATTERS WITH THE ONSET OF LAMINITIS.
BEAR FOOT
SEE: CLUB FOOT.
BENCH KNEE
A LIMB CONFORMATION DEFECT IN WHICH THE LEG FITS SOMEWHAT TO THE OUTSIDE OF, RATHER THAN DIRECTLY BELOW, THE FOREARM AT THE KNEE. A.K.A: OFFSET KNEE.
BEVEL
THE POINT OF THE NAIL.
BIFURCATE
[FROM THE LATIN BI, TWICE AND FURCA, FORK]: TO SEPARATE, SPLIT, OR DIVIDE.
BIG KNEE
SEE: POPPED KNEE.
BILATERAL
ON BOTH SIDES. USUALLY MEANS BOTH HOOVES OF A PAIR.
BIOTIN
A COLORLESS CRYSTALLINE B COMPLEX VITAMIN C10-H16-N2-O3-S, ESSENTIAL FOR THE ACTIVITY OF MANY ENZYME SYSTEMS AND FOUND IN LARGE QUANTITIES IN LIVER, EGG YOLK, MILK, AND YEAST. BIOTIN IS POPULARLY BELIEVED TO BE BENEFICIAL TO HOOF GROWTH AND QUALITY, AND IS OFTEN INCLUDED IN HORSE FEED SUPPLEMENTS.
BIT
A MOUTH PIECE USED FOR GUIDING A HORSE.
BLACKSMITH
A CRAFTER OF IRON AND STEEL. THIS TERM IS SOMETIMES INACCURATELY USED AS A SYNONYM FOR FARRIER. BECAUSE MODERN FARRIERS CRAFT STEEL HORSESHOES, THEY ARE INDEED BLACKSMITHS. BUT NOT ALL BACKSMITHS ARE FARRIERS.
BLEMISH
A COSMETIC FLAW.
BLIND GUT
SEE: CECUM.
BLOCKED HEELS
(1.) THE HEELS OF A HORSESHOE WHICH HAVE BEEN FOLDED DOWN AGAINST THE GROUND SURFACE OF THE SHOE. THIS CAN BE DONE TO RAISE THE HEELS OR TO ACT AS A HEEL CALK. ON THIN SHOES, THE HEEL MAY BE FOLDED TWICE. (2.) LARGE, SQUARE HEEL CALKS ON MANUFACTURED RACEHORSE SHOES ARE SOMETIMES CALLED BLOCKS, ESPECIALLY IF THE OTHER HEEL IS A STICKER.
BLOOD SPAVIN
AN ENLARGEMENT OF THE SAPHENOUS VEIN ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF HOCK.
BLOWING THE ANVIL
SEE: ANVIL SHOOTING.
BLUGRASS LAMINITIS SYMPOSIUM
SEE: BLS.
BLS
BLUEGRASS LAMINITIS SYMPOSIUM. A LARGE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF FARRIERS AND VETERINARIANS COVERING A WIDE ARRAY OF HOOFCARE AND LAMENESS TOPICS. SPONSORED BY THE INTERNATIONAL EQUINE PODIATRY CENTER AND HELD IN THE STATE OF KENTUCKY, USA.
BORIUM
GRAINS OR CHIPS OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE IN A STEEL OR BRASS MATRIX. APPLIED TO THE GROUND SURFACE OF A HORSESHOE IN THE FORGE, WITH AN ACETYLENE TORCH, OR WITH AN ARC WELDER; BORIUM PROVIDES TRATION ON HARD, SLICK FOOTING SUCH AS PAVEMENT. IT ALSO INCREASES THE WEAR LIFE OF THE SHOE.
BOW LEGGED
SEE: CARPUS VARUS.
BOWED TENDON
DAMAGE OR RUPTURE OF THE SHEATH OF A TENDON, MOST OFTEN THE SDF OF A FORELEG. BOWED TENDONS USUALLY OCCUR IN PERFORMANCE HORSES DURING HARD EXERTION. A.K.A: TENDINITIS; PERITENDINITIS; TENDOSYNOVITIS; TENDOVAGINITIS.
BOXED
DESCRIBES A HORSESHOE WHICH HAS THE OUTER EDGE OF THE HOOF-FACING SIDE ROUNDED OR BEVELED. THIS IS DONE TO PREVENT THE EXPOSED EDGE OF THE FULL-FIT SHOE FROM BEING PULLED OFF SHOULD IT BE STEPPED ON BY ANOTHER HOOF'S SHOE.
BRANCH
THE PORTION OF THE SHOE THAT CURVES BACK FROM THE TOE TOWARDS THE HEEL.
BRAZE
TO JOIN METAL SURFACES USING BRASS, BRONZE, OR COPPER AS A FILLER MATERIAL.
BREAK OVER
THIS OCCURS DURING THAT PART OF THE STRIDE WHEN THE LIMB IS BEGINNING TO MOVE FORWARD AND THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE HOOF LEAVES THE GROUND. BREAK OVER POINT IS THAT PLACE ON THE GROUND SURFACE OF THE DORSAL WALL AND SOLE AROUND WHICH THE LIMB ROTATES AS THE HOOF LEAVES THE GROUND. AN UNBALANCED HOOF EITHER BECAUSE OF INCORRECT TRIMMING/SHOEING , OR HOOF OR LIMB PATHOLOGIES WILL NOT HAVE THE CORRECT BREAK OVER WHICH LEADS TO A HOST OF PROBLEMS, BOTH ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT PROPER HEEL SUPPORT IS A MAJOR PLAYER IN THIS EQUATION.
BRIDGE
THE BALANCE POINT BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR HALVES OF THE WELL-SHOD FOOT. LOCATED HALFWAY BETWEEN THE TOE AND THE BULBS OF THE HEEL. THE TERM WAS CREATED BY DAVE DUCKETT.
BROKEN BACK
A BROKEN BACK PASTERN AXIS IS ONE WHERE ONE OF THE PHALANGES IS AT A STEEPER ANGLE THAN THE ONE BELOW IT.
BROKEN FORWARD
A BROKEN FORWARD PASTERN AXIS IS WHERE ONE OF THE PHALANGES IS AT A LOWER ANGLE THAN THE ONE BELOW IT.
BROKEN-IN
REFERS TO AN ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITY WHERE A JOINT IS CLOSER TO THE OTHER LIMB THAN IT SHOULD BE.
BROKEN-OUT
REFERS TO AN ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITY WHERE A JOINT IS FARTHER AWAY FROM THE OTHER LIMB THAN IT SHOULD BE.
BROTHERHOOD OF WORKING FARRIERS ASSOCIATION
SEE: BWFA.
BRUISE
THE RUPTURING OF BLOOD VESSELS WITHIN SENSITIVE STRUCTURES RESULTING FROM TRAUMA. HOOF BRUISES OFTEN RESULT FROM THE HORSE STEPPING ON STONES. BRUISES CAN ALSO OCCUR IN ANY SENSITIVE STRUCTUE, INCLUDING THE FROG AND THE BULBS OF THE HEELS. A.K.A: STRAWBERRIES.
BRUSHING
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN PAIRED HOOVES.
BUCK KNEE
A BUCK KNEED HORSE'S KNEES ARE IN FRONT OF THE VERTICAL.
BUFFALO
MAKER OF FORGES AND BLOWERS SINCE 1879.
BULBS
ARE THE STARTING OF THE FROG WHICH HOLDS THE HEELS TOGETHER.
BULGE
A LUMP OR BUMP IN THE HOOF THAT PROTRUDES FROM THE NORMAL ANGLE.
BURSA
A MEMBRANE SAC THAT HOLDS SYNOVIAL FLUID TO LUBRICATE MOVING PARTS IN HORSE'S LEGS.EXAMPLE: NAVICULAR BURSA
BUTTERIS
AN ANCIENT TOOL FOR TRIMMING HORSE HOOVES. ESSENTIALLY A LONG, SHARP CHISEL WHICH COULD BE PUSHED WITH THE FARRIER'S SHOULDER. RARELY SEEN IN THE U.S. SINCE THE 1930S, THE BUTTERIS IS STIL COMMON IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD.
BUTTRESS FOOT
SEE: PYRAMIDAL DISEASE.
BWFA
BROTHERHOOD OF WORKING FARRIERS ASSOCIATION. U.S. BASED ORGANIZATION OF HORSESHOERS. FOUNDED IN 1989. ADDRESS: 14013 EAST HWY. 136, LAFAYETTE, GA 30728
BY
REFERS TO A HORSE'S PATERNAL PARENTAGE. FOR EXAMPLE: DISCOVERY IS BY DISPLAY.
CAECUM
SEE: CECUM.
CAF I
CERTIFIED APPRENTICE FARRIER, LEVEL ONE. RECOGNITION AWARDED TO STUDENT AND NOVICE HORSESHOERS BY THE B.W.F.A. THE CAF I EXAMINATION INVOLVES SHOEING ONE PAIR OF HOOVES WITH KEG SHOES IN TWO HOURS.
CAF II
CAF II: CERTIFIED APPRENTICE FARRIER, LEVEL TWO. RECOGNITION AWARDED TO GRADUATE STUDENTS AND BEGINNING PROFESSIONAL FARRIERS BY THE B.W.F.A. THE CAF II EXAMINATION INCLUDES KEG SHOEING TWO HOOVES TO QUALITY STANDARDS IN 90 MINUTES, A WRITTEN TEST COVERING ELEMENTARY ANATOMY AND HOOF STRUCTURES, AND A TEST OF BASIC SKILLS IN MODIFYING KEG SHOES.
CALF KNEE
A CALF-KNEED HORSE'S KNEES ARE BEHIND THE VERTICAL.
CALK
[FROM THE LATIN CALX, THE HEEL]: ANY OF SEVERAL TYPES OF PROJECTION WHICH MAY BE FORGED ON A HORSESHOE, WELDED OR BRAZED ONTO A HORSESHOE, OR INSERTED INTO A HOLE IN THE HORSESHOE. CALKS ARE USED TO INCREASE TRACTION, ALTER MOVEMENT, OR ADJUST STANCE. A.K.A: CAULK; CALKIN.
CALKIN
SEE: CALK.
CAMPED BEHIND
A "CAMPED BEHIND" HORSE STANDS LIKE A SAW HORSE WITH THE HOOVES BEHIND THE VERTICAL.
CANCELLOUS
LOOSE BONY TISSUE.
CANKER
ABNORMAL, VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF THE FROG. MAY ALSO AFFECT THE SOLE. CAUSED BY INFECTION AND THE EXPOSURE OF THE HOOVES TO HARSH AMMONIA COMPOUNDS. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MUST INCLUDE MOVING THE HORSE TO A CLEAN, DRY ENVIRONMENT. A.K.A: HOOF CANCER.
CANNON BONE
THE THIRD METACARPAL IN THE FRONT LEG, OR THE THIRD METATARSAL IN THE HIND. IS LOCATED JUST BELOW THE KNEE. IT FUNCTIONS AS A LEVER AND PLAYS A DIRECT PART IN DETERMINING THE SPEED OF A HORSE.
CANTED KNEE
A DEVIATION SIMILAR IN APPEARANCE TO BENCH KNEE, BUT DIFFERING IN THAT EACH ROW OF CARPAL BONES IS OFFSET FROM THE BONES ABOVE IT, WHEREAS BENCH KNEES HAVE A RELATIVELY NORMAL CARPUS WITH THE METACARPALS BEING OFFSET AT THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT.
CANTER
A GAIT BETWEEN A TROT AND A RUN.
CAPEWELL
HORSESHOE NAIL MANUFACTURER SINCE 1881. BASED IN THE U.S. AND ONCE MANUFACTURED AND DISTRIBUTED ON THREE CONTINENTS. OWNED BY MUSTAD SINCE 1985.
CAPILLARIES
[FROM THE LATIN CAPILLUS, HAIR]: THE TINY, OFTEN MICROSCOPIC, VESSELS WHICH NOURISH THE TISSUES AND TRANSFER BLOOD FROM THE ARTERIES TO THE VEINS.
CAPPED HOCK
A BUMP UNDER THE SKIN AT THE POINT OF THE HOCK. THIS BLEMISH MAY BE OF ANY SIZE, AND IS OFTEN CAUSED BY DIRECT TRAUMA TO THE HOCK.
CAPPED KNEE
SEE: POPPED KNEE.
CAPSULAR ROTATION
THE HOOF WALL ROTATES AWAY FROM THE P III, WHILE THE P III REMAINS IN ALIGNMENT WITH THE PASTERN. THIS CONDITION CAN BE DUE NOT ONLY TO FOUNDER, BUT ALSO TO OVERWEIGHT, TOO LOW A HOOF ANGLE, OR USE OF TOE GRABS.
CAPSULE
SEE: HOOF CAPSULE.
CARPUS
[LATIN]: THE EQUINE KNEE, OR HUMAN WRIST. -CARPAL, PERTAINING TO THE CARPUS.
CARPUS VALGUS
CARPUS VALGUS: A CONFORMATION DEFECT IN WHICH THE FORE LIMBS DEVIATE MEDIALLY ABOVE THE KNEE, AND LATERALLY BELOW THE KNEE. THIS CREATES THE APPEARANCE THAT THE LIMBS ARE BENT INWARD, UNDER THE HORSE. A.K.A: KNOCK-KNEES.
CARPUS VARUS
A CONFORMATION DEFECT IN WHICH THE FORE LIMBS DEVIATE LATERALLY ABOVE THE KNEE, AND MEDIALLY BELOW THE KNEE. THIS CREATES THE APPEARANCE THAT THE LIMBS ARE BENT OUTWARD.. A.K.A: BOW-LEGGED.
CARTILAGE
FLEXIBLE, SOMEWHAT ELASTIC, SKELETAL STRUCTURES.
CAT SCAN
COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY. PRODUCES CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEWS OF AN INTERNAL BODY STRUCTURE. A.K.A: CT SCAN.
CAT WALKING
SEE: ROPE WALKING.
COTABOLIZE
THE BREAKING DOWN OF COMPLEX MOLECULES INTO SIMPLE MOLECULES THROUGH METABOLIC ACTION. THE ACT OF CATABOLIZING MOLECULES IS CALLED CATABOLISM.
CAUDAL
TOWARDS THE TAIL.
CAULK
SEE: CALK.
CECUM
[FROM THE LATIN CAECUS, BLIND]: A BRANCH OF THE LARGE INTESTINE WHICH IS OPEN ONLY AT ONE END, FORMING A SAC-LIKE CAVITY. A.K.A: CAECUM, BLIND GUT.
CERTIFIED
ONE WHO HAS RECEIVED A CERTIFICATE WHICH STATES, ON THE AUTHORITY OR REPUTATION OF THE CERTIFYING BODY, THAT HE HAS MET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS OR CONDITIONS. SEE ALSO: CAF; CF; CJF; CMF; ICF.
CF
CERTIFIED FARRIER. A RECOGNITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL AWARDED BY THE AFA. THE CF EXAMINATION INCLUDES A ONE HOUR WRITTEN TEST WITH 50 QUESTIONS COVERING ANATOMY AND GENERAL FARRIERY, LIVE SHOEING ONE PAIR OF HOOVES WITH KEG SHOES TO EXACT REQUIREMENTS IN ONE HOUR, AND A GENERAL HORSESHOE MODIFICATION TEST.
CHAMFERING
TAPERING OR SLOPING A SURFACE ON A SHOE.
CHAMPION
BRAND OF FARRIER TOOLS FROM 1895 UNTIL 1963. CHAMPION DEVELOPED THE CHANNELLOCK PLIER IN 1933, QUIT MAKING FARRIER TOOLS IN 1963 AND BECAME CHANNELLOCK, INC.
CHEAP JOHN
A COLLOQUIALISM FOR A HORSESHOER WHO ATTEMPTS TO BUILD UP HIS BUSINESS BY CHARGING LOW PRICES. BECAUSE A CHEAP JOHN WILL HAVE TO SHOE TOO MANY HORSES JUST TO MAKE A LIVING, HE WILL NOT HAVE TIME TO FURTHER HIS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OR TO PROVIDE QUALITY CARE TO HIS CLIENTS' HORSES. SEE ALSO: COWBOY SHOEING.
CHECK LIGAMENT
A LIGAMENT WHICH CONNECTS A TENDON TO A BONE. CHECK LIGAMENTS ARE OFTEN CONSIDERED TO BE PARTS OF TENDONS.
CHONDRO-
[GREEK]: HAVING TO DO WITH CARTILAGE.
CHONDROCYTE
A CARTILAGE CELL.
CHRONIC
[FROM THE GREEK CHRONOS, TIME]: PERSISTENT. THE LONG-TERM PHASE OF MANY DISEASES AND CONDITIONS. SEE ALSO: ACUTE.
CJF
CERTIFIED JOURNEYMAN FARRIER. THE HIGHEST RECOGNITION AWARDED BY THE AFA. THE CJF EXAM INCLUDES A WRITTEN TEST WITH 80 ADVANCED QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED IN TWO HOURS, LIVE SHOEING OF A HORSE WITH HANDMADE CLIPPED SHOES IN TWO HOURS, AND FORGING A FULLERED BAR SHOE TO FIT A PATTERN IN 35 MINUTES.
CJF I
CERTIFIED JOURNEYMAN FARRIER, LEVEL ONE. RECOGNITION AWARDED TO FARRIERS WITH MORE THAN ONE YEAR OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE BY THE B.W.F.A. THE CJF I EXAMINATION INCLUDES A ONE HOUR WRITTEN TEST ON GENERAL FARRIERY, LIVE SHOEING TWO HOOVES WITH CLIPPED KEG SHOES IN 105 MINUTES, AND ADVANCED KEG SHOE MODIFICATIONS. SEE ALSO: GRANDFATHER CLAUSE.
CJF II
CERTIFIED JOURNEYMAN FARRIER, LEVEL TWO. RECOGNITION AWARDED TO FARRIERS WITH MORE THAN THREE YEARS OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE BY THE B.W.F.A. THE CJF II EXAMINATION INCLUDES A TWO HOUR WRITTEN TEST ON ADVANCED FARRIERY, LIVE SHOEING A HORSE WITH HANDMADE CLIPPED SHOES IN 3 1/2 HOURS, AND ADVANCED SHOE FORGING. SEE ALSO: GRANDFATHER CLAUSE.
CLEFT
A HORIZONTAL CRACK IN THE HOOF WALL. CLEFTS ARE USUALLY CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO THE CORONARY BAND, OR THE RUPTURE OF AN ABSCESS AT THE CORONARY BAND. A.K.A: CROSSCRACK.
CLINCH
THE PART OF A HORSESHOE NAIL VISIBLE ON THE OUTSIDE OF A SHOD HORSE'S HOOF. THIS PART OF THE NAIL IS FOLDED DOWN AGAINST THE HOOF TO FORM A CLAMP, AND NORMALLY HAS TO BE STRAIGHTENED OR REMOVED BEFORE THE HORSESHOE CAN BE PULLED OFF WITHOUT DOING DAMAGE TO THE HOOF. A.K.A: CLENCH.
CLINCH CUTTER
A TOOL USED TO KNOCK A CLENCH DOWN WHEN REMOVING A SHOE.
CLINCHER
A TOOL USED FOR BENDING THE NAILS OVER AFTER THEY HAVE COME THROUGH THE HOOF.
CLIPS
FLAT PROJECTIONS, USUALLY TRIANGULAR OR ROUND, EXTENDING UPWARD FROM THE OUTER EDGE OF A HORSESHOE. CLIPS ARE FIT FLAT AGAINST, OR SET INTO, THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE HOOF WALL. CLIPS MAY BE DRAWN FROM THE METAL OF THE SHOE OR WELDED ON. CLIPS ARE USED TO PREVENT THE SHOE FROM SHIFTING ON THE HOOF, TO STABILIZE THE HOOF WALL, OR SOMETIMES AS A PURELY COSMETIC TOUCH.
CLOSE NAIL
A HORSESHOE NAIL THAT DOES NOT ACTUALLY QUICK THE HOOF, BUT COMES CLOSE ENOUGH TO SENSITIVE STRUCTURES TO CREATE IRRITATING PRESSURE. IT MAY TAKE A FEW DAYS FOR A CLOSE NAIL TO CAUSE THE HORSE APPARENT DISCOMFORT. A.K.A: HOT NAIL.
CLUBFOOT
AN EXTREMELY UPRIGHT HOOF WITH A VERY BROKEN-FORWARD PASTERN-HOOF AXIS. MAY BE CAUSED BY FLEXOR DEFORMITY. IN EXTREME CASES, THE DIGIT MAY BE FOLDED BACK, WITH THE ANIMAL BEARING WEIGHT ON ITS DORSAL SURFACE. IN CONGENITAL CLUB FEET, THE SLOPE OF THE HEELS IS USUALLY MORE UPRIGHT THAN THAT OF THE TOE.
CMF
CERTIFIED MASTER FARRIER. THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF CERTIFICATION AWARDED BY THE B.W.F.A. SEE: GRANDFATHER CLAUSE.
COARSE PUNCHED
A NAIL HOLE IN A HORSESHOE WHICH IS LOCATED TOWARDS THE INNER EDGE OF THE SHOE WEB. TOE NAIL HOLES ARE OFTEN COARSE PUNCHED. SEE ALSO: FINE PUNCHED.
COFFIN BONE
IS LOCATED IN THE HOOF. IT CONTAINS NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS WHICH FORM THE FOOT'S SENSITIVE STRUCTURES AND CUSHION THE AREA BETWEEN THE BONE AND HOOF.
COLD SHOEING
SHOEING DONE WITH READY-MADE SHOES WHERE THE SHOES ARE SHAPED TO FIT THE FOOT COLD ON THE ANVIL WITHOUT BENEFIT OF THE FORGE.
COLLATERAL CARTILAGES
SEE: LATERAL CARTILAGES.
COLT
AN ENTIRE MALE HORSE UNDER 4 YEARS OLD.
COMMISSURE
A LINE OR PLACE WHERE TWO THINGS ARE JOINED. FOR EXAMPLE, THE THE JUNCTION OF THE WHITE LINE AND THE INNER SENSITIVE STRUCTURE IF THE HOOF CAPSULE. ANOTHER EXAMPLE WOULD BE WHERE THE FROG MEETS AND JOINS THE BAR STRUCTURE.
COMMON DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON
AKA: MAIN EXTENSOR TENDON OR CDET, IS FOUND IN THE FRONT LEG. IT PASSES DOWN OVER THE FRONT AND SLIGHTLY TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE LEG AND ATTACHES TO THE LONG PASTERN, SHORT PASTERN AND COFFIN BONE. THE WIDEST POINT OF ATTACHMENT IS AT/ON THE EXTENSOR PROCESS OF THE COFFIN BONE. IT IS JOINED ON EACH SIDE FO THE PASTERN BY BRANCHES OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTENDING THE LEG.
COMPENSATION
COMPENSATION IS ADJUSTMENTS A HORSE MAKES TO TRY TO KEEP AN EVEN GAIT DESPITE A SORE OR LAME LEG.
CONFLUENCE
FLOWING TOGETHER, BECOMING ONE.
CONFORMATION
PHYSICAL INHERITED CONSTRUCTION OF A HORSE.
CONGENITAL
A CHARACTERISTIC PRESENT FROM BIRTH.
CONTRA LIMB
LIMB OPPOSITE THE ONE THAT SUFFERED THE ORIGINAL LAMENESS. SOMETIMES BECOMES LAME FROM COMPENSATORY STRESS.
CONTRACTED HEELS
SEE: CONTRACTED HOOF.
CONTRACTED HOOF
CONDITION IN WHICH THE POSTERIOR HALF OF THE HOOF UNDERGOES A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN WIDTH. THIS MAY RESULT FROM OTHER HOOF PROBLEMS, IMPROPER SHOEING, OR BOTH. A.K.A: CONTRACTED HEELS; HOOFBOUND.
CONTRACTED TENDONS
SEE: FLEXOR DEFORMITY.
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
TRIAL OR TESTING OF A HYPOTHESIS UNDER CAREFULLY MANAGED CONDITIONS. ALL FACTORS WHICH MIGHT AFFECT THE OUTCOME OF THE TESTS MUST BE MADE AS UNIFORM AS POSSIBLE, EXCEPT FOR THE FACTOR BEING TESTED. FOR AN EXPERIMENT TO BE CONSIDERED VALID EVIDENCE, IT SHOULD INVOLVE A SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TEST GROUP, AND BE REPEATABLE WITH SIMILAR RESULTS.
CONTUSION
[FROM THE LATIN TUNDO, TO BEAT]: A TRAUMATIC FLESH INJURY WHICH DOES NOT BREAK THE SKIN.
COON FOOT
VERY LOW HOOF ANGLE WITH AN EVEN LOWER PASTERN ANGLE. MAY RESULT FROM SPRAINED SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS, WEAK PASTERNS, OR CHRONIC LAMINITIS.
CORIUM
SEE: DERMIS.
CORKS
A RURAL COLLOQUIALISM WHICH MAY REFER TO HEEL CALKS, BLOCKED HEELS, OR TURNED DOWN HEELS ON HORSESHOES.
CORN
A BRUISE OF THE HOOF SOLE BETWEEN THE WALL AND THE BAR, USUALLY CAUSED BY LEAVING SHOES ON TOO LONG.
CORONARY
CORONET OR HAIR SURFACE, PART OF THE HOOF FARTHEST FROM THE BASAL SURFACE OF THE HOOF AT ANY GIVEN POINT.
CORONARY BAND
IS THE PART OF THE HOOF WHERE THE SKIN AND HIDE JOIN WITH THE HOOF WALL.
CORONARY CRACK
A SANDCRACK WHICH STARTS AT THE TOP OF THE HOOF AND SPLITS DOWN.
CORN
CORN: A BRUISE LOCATED IN THE SEAT OF CORN. SOMETIMES CAUSED BY THE HEELS OF THE HOOF GROWING OVER THE HORSESHOE, OR BY IMPROPER SHOEING.
CORRECTIVE
CORRECTIVE: (1.) TRIMMING OR SHOEING A HORSE'S HOOVES TO COUNTERACT FLAWS IN STANCE OR GAIT. (2.) WRONGLY USED AS A SYNONYM FOR THERAPEUTIC.
COW HOCKS
KNOCK KNEE, HOCKS ARE CLOSER TOGETHER AND THE TOES ARE POINTED OUT.
COWBOY SHOEING
SHOEING DONE WITHOUT FITTING THE SHOE BUT SIMPLY CUTTING DOWN THE FOOT, SHAPING THE SHOE BY OPENING OR CLOSING IT, NAILING THE SHOE ON, AND RASPING THE FOOT DOWN TO MATCH THE SHOE. EXCESSIVE RASPING OF THE LOWER BORDER OF WALL PRODUCING A DUBBED EFFECT.
CRACKED HEELS
A CONDITION WHEREIN THE TISSUE COVERING THE BULBS OF THE HEELS CRACKS OPEN, LEAVING THE HEELS SUSEPTIBLE TO INFECTION. PRIMARILY CAUSED BY CHRONICALLY WET HEELS DUE TO MOIST FOOTING. ALSO KNOWN AS "MUD FEVER."
CRACKS
A SPLIT IN THE HOOF WALL.
CRANIAL
(1.) THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE LIMB. TOWARDS THE HEAD. (2.) HAVING TO DO WITH THE CRANIUM OF THE SKULL.
CREASE
A GROOVE CUT INTO THE GROUND SURFACE OF A HORSESHOE THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN TURNED. SHOES ARE USUALLY CREASED ON THE BRANCHES TO PROVIDE A SEAT FOR THE NAIL HEADS. CREASING CREATES MILD TRACTION, AND ALLOWS THE NAILS TO BE EASILY REMOVED ONE AT THE TIME WITH CREASE NAIL PULLERS.
CREST
AN EXTRA HEAVY NECK ON A HORSE.
CROSSCRACK
SEE: CLEFT.
CROSS-FIRING
A GAIT FLAW WHICH RESULTS IN THE COLLISION OF DIAGONAL FEET. THIS USUALLY OCCURS AT LATERAL GAITS.
CRYPTORCHID
MALE HORSE WITH ONE OR BOTH TESTICLES RETAINED IN THE ABDOMEN. ALSO CALLED RIDGLING OR ORIGINAL.
CURB
SWELLING OF THE PLANTAR SURFACE OF THE HIND LEG JUST BELOW THE POINT OF THE HOCK. THIS IS A LIGAMENT SPRAIN, AND MAY BE CAUSED BY STRESS, POOR CONFORMATION, OR DIRECT TRAUMA.
CUSHING'S DISEASE
CUSHING'S DISEASE (A THYROID TUMOR) IS A CAUSE OF LAMINITIS AND FOUNDER - PARTICULARLY IN OLDER HORSES. IF THE CAUSE OF THE LAMINITIS OR FOUNDER IS CUSHING'S DISEASE, THIS MUST BE DIAGNOSED AND TREATED BEFORE ANY TREATMENT FOR THE LAMINITIS CAN BE EFFECTIVE.
CUT OUT UNDER KNEE
A HORSE WITH "CUT OUT UNDER THE KNEES" HAS A CANNON BONE THAT WHILE VERTICAL IS SLIGHTLY TOWARDS THE BACK OF THE KNEE, AND NOT DIRECTLY BELOW THE UPPER LEG.
CYTE
SUFFIX MEANING CELL. CYTO-: PREFIX MEANING CELL, OR HAVING TO DO WITH CELLS. CYTOLOGY: CELLULAR BIOLOGY.
DAM
A HORSE'S MOTHER.
DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON
AKA: DEEP FLEXOR TENDON, DFT, DDFT, ORIGINATES AT THE DEEP FLEXOR MUSCLE OF THE LEG, AND INSERTS (ATTACHES TO) AT THE SEMILUNAR CREST OF THE COFFIN BONE AFTER PASSING OVER THE FULCRUM POINTS FORMED BY THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL (NAVICULAR) SESAMOID BONES. IT FLEXES (FOLDS) THE LEG WHEN THE DEEP FLEXOR MUSCLE CONTRACTS.
DEEP
INTERNAL, CLOSE TO THE CENTER OF GRAVITY.
DEGREE PAD
A HOOF PAD THAT IS THICK AT THE REAR OF THE HOOF AND TAPERS TO THE TOE.USED TO ELEVATE THE HEELS.
DERMIS
THE SENSITIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER OF THE SKIN LOCATED BELOW THE EPIDERMIS, CONTAINING NERVE ENDINGS, SWEAT AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS, AND BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS. THE SENSITIVE LAMINAE OF THE HOOF ARE DERMAL. A.K.A: CORIUM.
DE-ROTATION
THE ACT OF REALIGNING THE P-III'S BASAL SURFACE WITH THE GROUND BY THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHS AND BY TRIMMING OF THE CORRECT AMOUNT OF HEEL.
DESMOTOMY
THE SURGICAL CUTTING OF A LIGAMENT.
DIAGONAL GATE
EACH DIAGONAL PAIR OF LIMBS (OFF FORE/NEAR HIND, NEAR FORE/OFF HIND) MOVE MORE OR LESS TOGETHER. A NATURAL TROT IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A DIAGONAL GAIT.
DIAMOND
BRAND OF HORSESHOES AND FARRIER TOOLS SINCE 1908.
DIAPHYSIS
THE SHAFT OF A LONG BONE.
DIGIT
DIGIT [FROM THE LATIN DIGITUS, A FINGER]: THE EQUINE LIMB DISTAL TO THE FETLOCK.
DIGITAL CUSHION
SEE: PLANTAR CUSHION.
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
SEE: DMSO.
DIPLOMA OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS
SEE: DWCF.
DISH
A BREAKING AWAY AT THE QUARTER IN THE HORNY WALL; ALSO, CAN BE AN INDENTION FOUND ANYWHERE ON THE HOOF.
DISTAL
WHEN REFERRING TO LIMBS, DISTAL MEANS AWAY FROM THE TORSO, OR COMPARATIVELY FARTHER FROM THE TORSO OR CENTER OF GRAVITY. OPPOSITE OF PROXIMAL.
DIVIDER
A MEASURER, THE SAME AS A MATH COMPASS.
DMSO
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE. A SOLVENT AND PENETRANT SO EFFECTIVE THAT IT CAN BE TASTED IN THE MOUTH SHORTLY AFTER IT IS APPLIED TO THE SKIN. DMSO IS OFTEN USED AS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGER, OR MIXED WITH ANTISEPTIC TO TREAT LOCALIZED INFECTION.
DORSAL
[FROM LATIN THE DORSUM, THE BACK]: (1.) THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE EQUINE HOOF AND LEG. (2.) WHEN REFERRING TO THE ENTIRE ANIMAL, DORSAL MEANS THE SPINE OR CENTER-LINE OF THE BACK.
DRIVING HAMMER
A HAMMER USED FOR DRIVING HORSESHOE NAILS.
DROPPED SOLE
THE SOLE OF A HOOF WHICH HAS BECOME CONVEX RATHER THAN CONCAVE. AS THE SOLE PROTRUDES BELOW THE SOLAR PLANE OF THE HOOF WALL, IT BEARS EXCESSIVE WEIGHT AND IS SUBJECT TO BRUISING. FOUNDERED HORSES OFTEN HAVE DROPPED SOLES.
DUBBED TOE
(1.) A HOOF WHICH HAS HAD THE DORSAL SURFACE OF ITS TOE GROUND OFF. THIS MAY BE THE RESULT OF EXCESSIVE RASPING AFTER A HORSESHOE WAS POORLY FIT, OR OF HIGH LAMENESS WHICH MAY CAUSE THE HORSE TO DRAG HIS HOOF. (2.) THE INTENTIONAL DRESSING BACK OF THE TOE DONE TO TREAT FOUNDER OR A TOE FLARE. A.K.A: DUMPED TOE.
DUCKETT'S DOT
NAMED FOR DAVE DUCKETT, THIS IS AN IMAGINARY POINT LOCATED APPROXIMATELY 3/8" BACK FROM THE APEX OF THE HORNY FROG, USED FOR DETERMINING THE NORMAL POSITION OF THE WALL AT THE TOE. IT PROVIDES AN ACCURATE INDICATION OF HOW LONG A "LONG TOE" ON A LONG-TOED, LOW-HEELED HORSE REALLY IS.
DUMPED TOE
SEE: DUBBED TOE.
DWCF
DIPLOMA OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS. THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR BEING REGISTERED TO PRACTICE FARRIERY IN ENGLAND. THE D.W.C.F. EXAM INCLUDES A WRITTEN TEST WITH FIVE ESSAY QUESTIONS WHICH MUST BE ANSWERED IN FULL AND WITH COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS, LIVE SHOEING WITH HANDMADE FULLERED HORSESHOES, A TEST OF FORGING SKILLS, AND AN ORAL QUESTIONING PERIOD OF AT LEAST 15 MINUTES.
EAGLE EYE
THE ABILITY TO SHAPE A HORSESHOE TO FIT PROPERLY AFTER ONLY A BRIEF LOOK AT THE HOOF. SEE ALSO: NORMAN; RALPH; TAG; SPIKE; STUBBY.
EGG-BAR SHOE OR EGGBAR
A FORM OF BAR SHOE WHICH RESEMBLES THE LETTER "O", WITH A CURVED, RATHER THAN STRAIGHT BAR CONNECTING THE HEELS OF THE HORSESHOE. EGGBARS ARE USED TO EXTEND POSTERIOR SUPPORT WELL BEHIND THE BUTTRESSES OF THE HEELS OF THE HOOF.
ELBOW HITTING
STRIKING OF THE POINT OF THE ELBOW JOINT BY THE HOOF OF THE SAME LIMB OR ITS HORSESHOE. INJURY FROM ELBOW HITTING IS POSSIBLE, BUT IS SOMETIMES CONFUSED WITH INJURY CAUSED WHILE THE HRSE IS LYING DOWN WITH HIS LEGS FOLDED BENEATH HIM.
EPIDERMIS
THE OUTER, PROTECTIVE, NONVASCULAR LAYER OF THE SKIN WHICH COVERS THE DERMIS. THE HOOF WALL, HORNY LAMINAE AND OTHER HORNY HOOF STRUCTURES ARE EPIDERMAL.
EPIPHYSEAL PLATES
CARTILAGES NEAR THE ENDS OF BONES WHICH WHICH ALLOW THEM TO GROW LENGTHWISE. AS THE HORSE MATURES, THE PLATES OSSIFY OR CLOSE. THE MORE DISTAL PLATES CLOSE FIRST. A.K.A: GROWTH PLATES; EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGES.
EPITHELIUM
THIN MEMBRANE TISSUES COVERING MOST OF THE BODY'S STRUCTURES AND ORGANS, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL. ALSO DESCRIBES THE THE FIRST LAYERS THAT HEAL OVER A WOUND.
ETIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF CAUSES. A.K.A: AETIOLOGY.
EXFOLIATE
TO SHED OR FLAKE OFF DEAD TISSUE. THE SOLE OF THE HOOF, FOR EXAMPLE, NORMALLY EXFOLIATES AS IT GROWS DOWN.
EXOSTOSIS
ABNORMAL BONY GROWTH. AKA: FALSE RING BONE.
EXPANSION
(1.)THE VERY SIGHT OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF THE QUARTERS OF THE HOOF WHICH MAY OCCUR DURING WEIGHT BEARING, AND/OR THE INCREASE IN SOLAR WIDTH WHICH OCCURS AS THE HOOF GROWS DOWN. (2.) IN REFRENCE TO A HORSESHOE, EXPANSION DESCRIBES THE PRACTICE OF FITTING THE POSTERIOR HALF OF THE SHOE LARGER THAN THE HOOF TO ALLOW FOR HOOF EXPANSION.
EXTENDED HEEL
A LONG HEEL ON A HORSESHOE. USUALLY FIT PARALLEL TO THE CENTER-LINE OF THE HOOF, AND IN LINE WITH THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL.
EXTENSION
THE MOVEMENT OF A HORSE'S LEG FORWARD DUE TO THE USE OF EXTENSOR TENDONS.
EXTENSOR PROCESS
THE POINT OF INSERTION OF THE MAIN DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON INTO THE PIII.
EXTENSOR PROCESS DISEASE
SEE: PYRAMIDAL DISEASE.
EXTENT
TO OPEN OR INCREASE THE ANGLE OF THE BONES OF A JOINT.
FALSE QUARTER
A VERTICAL INDENTION IN THE HOOF WALL PARALLEL TO THE HORN TUBULES, RESULTING FROM A DEFECT OR INJURY TO THE CORONARY BAND.
FALSE SOLE
SEE: RETAINED SOLE.
FAR OR OFF SIDE
RIGHT SIDE.
FARRIER
(1.)WHILE THERE ARE NO LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF THIS TITLE IN THE U.S.A., IT PROPERLY DESCRIBES ONLY A PROFESSIONAL EQUINE HOOFCARE EXPERT AND SHOER OF HORSES. (2.) IN THE PAST, FARRIERS WERE CHARGED WITH THE FULL RANGE OF HORSE CARE.
FARRIER'S CHOICE HORSESHOES
A BRAND OF HORSESHOES THAT BECAME AVAILABLE IN 1994. NOTED FOR BEING A GOOD QUALITY SHOE AT A VERY LOW PRICE.
FECES
AVERAGE 40 POUNDS PER DAY, BROWN TO DARK GREEN WELL-FORMED BALLS. DEFECATES 8 TO 9 TIMES A DAY.
FELLOW OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS
SEE: F.W.C.F.
FERAL
ANIMALS OF DOMESTIC ANCESTRY WHO HAVE REVERTED TO THE WILD STATE. AMERICAN MUSTANGS ARE FERAL, RATHER THAN TRULY WILD.
FETLOCK JOINT
CONTAINS THE CANNON BONE, LONG PASTERN BONE AND THE TWO SESAMOID BONES.
FEVER RINGS
SEE: HOOF RINGS.
FILLY
IMMATURE FEMALE HORSE, (UNDER 3 OR 4 YEARS OF AGE).
FINE PUNCHED
A NAIL HOLE IN A HORSESHOE WHICH IS LOCATED RELATIVELY CLOSE TO THE OUTER EDGE OF THE WEB. HEEL NAILS ARE OFTEN PUNCHED FINE. SEE ALSO: COARSE PUNCHED.
FIRE TONGS
LONG HANDLED TOOL USED TO HOLD METAL, SUCH AS BAR STOCK FOR HORSE SHOES, IN THE FORGE FIRE. ALSO USED TO MANIPULATE HOT HORSESHOES OR METAL IN THE FIRE.
FISHER
SEE: MARK FISHER.
FLARE
AN OUTWARD DISTORTION WHICH MAY OCCUR ON ANY PORTION OF THE HOOF WALL. IF LEFT UNTREATED, THEY CAN ALTER FUNCTIONAL TOE ANGLE, MEDIOLATERAL BALANCE, AND HOOF SYMMETRY.
FLEX
TO FOLD OR DECREASE THE ANGLE OF THE BONES OF A JOINT.
FLEXION
THE MOVEMENT OF A HORSE'S LEG BACKWARD DUE TO THE USE OF FLEXOR TENDON.
FLEXOR DEFORMITY
EXCESSIVE TENSION ON EITHER THE DDF OR SDF. CAN RESULT FROM HEREDITY, MALNUTRITION, INJURY, OR A COMBINATION OF THESE. CAN BE TREATED WITH MANAGED EXERCISE, DIET, FARRIERY, AND SURGERY. A.K.A: CONTRACTED TENDON.
FLIPPER FOOT
AN EXTREMELY OVERGROWN, TOE-FLARED HOOF. CAN RESULT FROM FOUNDER OR NEGLECT. IN SEVERE CASES, THE HORSE MAY STAND ON THE BACK OF HIS PASTERN, ALLOWING THE SOLAR ASPECT OF THE HOOF TO BE SEEN FROM IN FRONT OF THE ANIMAL. AKA: ELVES SHOE.
FLOATING THE HEELS
WHEN THE FARRIER RASPS THE HEELS (OR ONE HEEL WHEN WARRANTED) IN SUCH A MANNER SO THAT THE HEEL(S) DO NOT COME IN CONTACT WITH THE SHOE WHEN THE SHOE HAS BEEN NAILED ON. WHEN VIEWED FROM THE SIDE, THE HEEL(S) SEEM TO BE "FLOATING" IN MID-AIR.
FOAL
A VERY YOUNG HORSE OF EITHER SEX. A PREGNANT MARE IS SAID TO BE "IN FOAL". THE BIRTH PROCESS OF HORSES IS REFERRED TO AS "FOALING".
FOOT
THE HOOF AND ALL THE STRUCTURES CONTAINED WITHIN IT. (NOTE: THE TERMS HOOF AND FOOT ARE OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY.)
FOREPUNCH
A TOOL USED TO MAKE NAIL HOLES, IN THE PROCESS OF FORGING HAND MADE SHOES.
FORGE
(1.) A FURNACE USED TO HEAT METAL. (2.) THE WORKSHOP OF A FARRIER OR BLACKSMITH. (3.) TO MAKE SOMETHING OUT OF METAL.
FORGE, COAL
A DEVICE USED TO HEAT HORSESHOES AND OTHER METAL STOCK. SOME FORM OF BELLOWS OR BLOWER IS USED TO FORCE AIR INTO A BURNING PILE OF COAL (SOMETIMES CHARCOAL), PRODUCING HEAT SUFFICIENT TO INCINERATE STEEL. COAL FIRE IS HOTTER AND WELDS MORE EASILY THAN GAS, BUT EXTRA SKILL AND EFFORT ARE NEEDED TO BUILD AND MAINTAIN IT.
FORGE, GAS
A DEVICE USED TO HEAT HORSESHOES AND OTHER METAL STOCK. GAS FORGES USUALLY BURN PROPANE (SOMETIMES NATURAL) GAS WITHIN AN INSULATED STEEL OR CAST IRON HOUSING. GAS FORGES TEND TO BE EASIER TO SET UP AND USE THAN COAL FORGES. GAS FORGES COME IN BLOWER AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIETIES.
FORGING
A FAULT IN GAIT WHICH RESULTS IN THE TOE OF A HIND HOOF STRIKING THE SOLAR SURFACE OF ITS LATERAL FORE HOOF. SIMILAR, BUT NOT IDENTICAL, TO OVERREACHING.
FOSSA
[LATIN FOR DITCH, PLURAL FOSSAE]: A PIT, INDENTION, OR CANNEL IN A BONE.
FOUNDER
[OLD FRENCH AFONDRER, TO FOUNDER OR SINK. FROM THE LATIN FUNDUS, BOTTOM.]: THE MECHANICAL RESULT OF LAMINITIS. THE TIP OF THE PIII SINKS DOWNWARD TOWARDS THE SOLE NEAR THE TOE. SOLE BRUISING, ABSCESSES, AND HOOF DISTORTION COMMONLY OCCUR.
FOUNDER RINGS
FOUNDER RINGS ARE HORIZONTAL RIDGES IN THE HOOF WALL THAT INSTEAD OF RUNNING PARALLEL TO THE CORONET (AS GRASS RINGS DO) ARE FARTHER APART FROM THE CORONET AT THE HEELS THAN THE TOE.
FOUNDER STANCE
THE STANDING POSITION OFTEN ASSUMED BY HORSES DURING ACUTE LAMINITIS. THE HIND FEET WILL BE PLACED FAR FORWARD OF THEIR USUAL POSITION, AND WILL BEAR AN INORDINATE AMOUNT OF WEIGHT. THE FORE HOOVES WILL BE PLACED OUT IN FRONT OF THE ANIMAL, AND MAY BEAR WEIGHT ONLY AT THE HEELS.
FOUNDER TREATMENT
(1.) CHAPMAN: FEATURES THE SUPPORT OF THE PIII VIA CAREFULLY APPLIED FROG PRESSURE. SUPPORTING THE PIII IN THIS WAY PREVENTS FURTHER SINKING OF THE BONE AND RESTORES THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD WHICH WAS COMPROMISED BY THE FOUNDER. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED WITH A HEART-BAR SHOE. POPULARIZED BY BURNEY CHAPMAN, CJF. (2.) CLASSIC OR TRADITIONAL: FEATURES LOWERING THE HEELS IN FOUNDERED HOOVES AND DRESSING BACK THE TOES AS FAR AS REASONABLY POSSIBLE. LOWERING THE HEELS AIDS THE HORSE IN HIS NATURAL REACTION, WHICH IS TO SHIFT WEIGHT BEARING AWAY FROM THE DAMAGED TOES AND ONTO THE HEELS. IT ALSO CAUSES THE FROG TO BEAR WEIGHT, WHICH PROVIDES SOME MECHANICAL SUPPORT FOR THE PIII. DRESSING BACK THE TOE EASES BREAKOVER AND REDUCES THE PEELING STRESS WHICH COULD DAMAGE SURVIVING LAMINAE. (3.) REDDEN: FEATURES RAISING THE HEELS OF FOUNDERED HOOVES TO REDUCE THE TENSION OF THE DDF ON THE PIII. THE PULL OF THE DDF IS CONSIDERED TO BE A MAJOR CAUSE OF THE DOWNWARD ROTATION OF THE PIII. POPULARIZED BY R.F. REDDEN DVM.
FOUR POINT TRIM
A HOOF TRIMMING TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THE HEELS ARE TRIMMED BACK TO THE WIDEST POINT OF THE FROG, THEN THE TOE IS BEVELED IN A MANNER AKIN TO WHAT WOULD BE DONE IN PREPARATION FOR A ROCKERED TOE HORSESHOE. THE QUARTERS ARE THEN RASPED UNTIL THEY WOULD NO LONGER BEAR WEIGHT ON A FIRM SURFACE. THIS LEAVES ONLY FOUR FULL-LOADING POINTS ON THE HOOF WALL; ONE AT EACH SIDE OF THE TOE, AND ONE AT EACH HEEL. THIS METHOD IS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE HOOVES OF FERAL HORSES, AND ITS ADVOCATES CLAIM THAT IT RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRONGER HOOF STRUCTURE.
FROG
SEE: HORNY FROG AND SENSITIVE FROG.
FROST NAIL
A SPECIAL HORSESHOE NAIL DESIGNED TO PROVIDE TEMPORARY HARD SURFACE TRACTION. MADE BY MUSTAD, INC.
FRUSH
SEE: THRUSH.
FULLERING
(1.) IN FARRIERY: TO CUT A GROOVE INTO THE GROUND SIDE OF BARSTOCK BEFORE IT IS TURNED. THIS MAY BE DONE TO PROVIDE TRACTION FOR THE SHOE AND A SEAT FOR THE NAIL HEADS. FULLERING ALLOWS CREASE NAIL PULLERS TO BE USED TO REMOVE NAILS ONE AT THE TIME. (2.) IN BLACKSMITHING: TO SPREAD METAL BY FORCING A WEDGE OR SEMICIRCULAR EDGED TOOL INTO IT. (3.) WRONGLY USED AS A SYNONYM FOR CREASING. (4.) AS USED IN AFA CERTIFICATION AND COMPETITION: A TWO PHASE PROCESS IN WHICH THE STOCK MUST BE WORKED PRIOR TO THE GROOVE BEING CUT SO THAT THE WEB IS THE SAME WIDTH BEFORE AND AFTER FULLERING.
FUNICULAR LIGAMENT
STRONG CORD-LIKE FIBROUS MATERIALS THAT BIND AND HOLD THE BONE IN PLACE.
FURLONG
A 220 YARD (1/8 MILE) UNIT OF DISTANCE OFTEN USED FOR HORSE RACE MEASUREMENT.
FWCF
FELLOW OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS. THE HIGHEST RECOGNITION AWARDED BY THE WCF. A FARRIER MUST HAVE ACHIEVED THE A.W.C.F. AT LEAST ONE YEAR PRIOR TO ATTEMPTING THE F.W.C.F. THE CANDIDATE MUST SUBMIT A 2000-3000 WORD ILLUSTRATED THESIS 21 DAYS BEFORE THE EXAMINATION. AT THE EXAMINATION THE CANDIDATE MUST MAKE AND APPLY A FULLERED THERAPEUTIC HORSESHOE TO EXACT SPECIFICATIONS AND SUBMIT SEVERAL HANDMADE HORSESHOES FOR INSPECTION. THE ORAL PORTION OF THE EXAM INVOLVES AN IN-DEPTH DEFENSE OF THE WRITTEN THESIS.
GAIT
CAN BE DEFINED AS A WAY OF GOING (MOTION OF A HORSE).
GELDING
A CASTRATED MALE HORSE OF ANY AGE.
GET
A COLLECTIVE TERM FOR ALL OF A GIVEN HORSE'S OFFSPRING.
GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
A BWFA MEMBERSHIP POLICY WHICH ALLOWED HORSESHOERS TO JOIN AS CJF I, CJF II, AND CMF MEMBERS WITHOUT TAKING EXAMINATIONS, BASED UPON PRIOR EXPERIENCE.
GIRTH
DISTANCE AROUND BODY BEHIND ELBOWS AND OVER WITHERS; MAY BE USED AS A REASONABLY ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF WEIGHT.
GRAVEL
SEE: ABCESS
GROOVING
CUTTING OR BURNING A HORIZONTAL GROOVE ACROSS THE FIBERS OF THE HOOF HORN TO ALTER THE WAY IN WHICH STRESSES ARE TRANSFERRED UP THE WALL. THIS MAY BE DONE WHEN TREATING FOUNDER, FLARES, BASAL CRACKS, AND OTHER HOOF MALADIES.
GROWTH PLATES
SEE: EPIPHYSEAL PLATES.
GROWTH RINGS
SEE: HOOF RINGS.
GUILD OF PROFESSIONAL FARRIERS (GPF)
A FARRIER ORGANIZATION WHICH ISSUES PROFESSIONAL CREDENTIALS AND WHICH REQUIRES ALL MEMBERS TO MEET THE REGISTERED JOURNEYMAN FARRIER (RJF) STANDARD, WHICH IS BASED ON THE KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE AND SKILLS NEEDED TO PRACTICE FARRIERY ON A PROFESSIONAL LEVEL.
HALF KEG OF SHOES
50 POUNDS OF SHOES. FROM THE DAYS WHEN HORSESHOES WERE SOLD IN SMALL WOODEN KEGS THAT CONTAINED 100 POUNDS OF SHOES.
HAND
A UNIT OF MEASURE EQUAL TO 4 INCHES, USED TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OF A HORSE AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE WITHERS. THE NUMBER OF WHOLE HANDS IS PROPERLY FOLLOWED BY A HYPHEN, THEN THE REMAINING HEIGHT IN INCHES. THUS A HORSE WHO MEASURES 5 FEET AND TWO INCHES AT THE WITHERS WOULD BE DESIGNATED "15-2 HANDS". THIS IS SOMETIMES WRITTEN WITH A DECIMAL POINT REPLACING THE HYPHEN, WHICH IS INADVISABLE BECAUSE THE DECIMAL POINT IS, ON SOME RARE OCCASIONS, USED TO DESIGNATE FOLLOWING TENTHS. HENCE THE 15-2 HAND HORSE MIGHT ALSO BE DESIGNATED EITHER "15.2 HANDS" OR "15.5 HANDS".
HARDIE
A CUT OR SHAPING TOOLS, FITTING INTO A SQUARE HOLE (THE HARDIE HOLE) ON THE FACE OF THE ANVIL.
HARDIE HOLE
A SQUARE HOLE ON THE FACE OF THE ANVIL INTO WHICH ARE INSERTED VARIOUS TOOLS KNOWN AS HARDIES.
HAY-BUDDEN
U.S. BRAND OF FORGED ANVILS FROM 1893 THROUGH 1927.
HEEL CALK
A PROJECTION FORGED FROM OR WELDED ONTO THE GROUND SIDE OF THE HEEL OF A HORSESHOE. HEEL CALKS PROVIDE BRAKING TRACTION AS THE HOOF LANDS, BUT NO GRIP AT BREAKOVER.
HEIGHT
MEASURED IN HANDS AT THE HIGH POINT OF THE WITHERS; ONE HAND EQUALS 4 INCHES.
HELLER
BRAND OF FARRIER TOOLS FROM 1836 TO AROUND 1965.
HINNY
OFFSPRING OF A STALLION AND A JENNY.
HISTOLOGY
STUDY OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF TISSUES.
HOOF
[ANGLO-SAXON HOF]: THE EQUINE FOOT, INCLUDES THE CORONARY BAND AND ALL PARTS DISTAL. SOMETIMES REFERS TO ONLY THE HORNY PARTS OF THE FOOT. (NOTE: THE PREFIX HORNY MAY OR MAY NOT BE USED WHEN SPEAKING OF THE EXTERNAL HOOF STRUCTURES).
HOOF ANGLE
THE ANGLE AT WHICH THE DORSAL LINE OF THE HOOF INTERSECTS WITH THE PLANE OF ITS SOLAR SURFACE. HOOF ANGLE CAN BE MEASURED WITH A TOOL CALLED A HOOF GAUGE OR HOOF PROTRACTOR. A.K.A: TOE ANGLE.
HOOF CANCER
SEE: CANKER.
HOOF CAPSULE
THE INSENSITIVE, OUTER ELEMENTS OF THE HOOF WHICH FUNCTION AS A "WRAPPER," ENCAPSULATING AND PROTECTING THE SENSITIVE ELEMENTS OF THE HOOF. ALTHOUGH THE TERM WOULD GENERALLY APPLY TO THE HOOF WALL, IT COULD ALSO BE INCLUSIVE OF ALL THE EXFOLIATING ELEMENTS: THE SOLE, THE FROG, AND THE PERIOPLE.
HOOF GAUGE
IS A TOOL USED FOR DETERMINING THE ANGLE OF THE HORSE'S FOOT.
HOOF HEAD
THE ENLARGEMENT WHERE THE HOOF JOINS THE DIGIT AT THE CORONARY REGION AND ABOVE.
HOOF HORN
THE TOUGH, INSENSITIVE PARTS OF THE HOOF, SUCH AS THE WALL, ARE MADE OF HORN. THE WALL IS COMPOSED OF FIBERS WHICH GROW DOWNWARD FROM THE CORONARY BAND CALLED TUBULAR HORN. THESE ARE CEMENTED TOGETHER BY INTERTUBULAR HORN. THE APPROXIMATE MOISTURE CONTENT OF HOOF HORN IS 25% FOR THE WALL, 33% FOR THE SOLE, AND 50% FOR THE FROG.
HOOF KNIFE
USED FOR CUTTING EXCESS HORN FROM THE SOLE OF THE HOOF.
HOOF NIPPERS
A TOOL USED ONLY FOR REMOVING EXCESS HOOF WALL.
HOOF RASP
USED TO REMOVE EXCESS HOOF WALL.
HOOF RINGS
ROUGHLY HORIZONTAL DISTORTIONS ON THE HOOF WALL WHICH MAY BE CAUSED BY CHANGES IN DIET, ENVIRONMENT, SEASON, OR BY ILLNESS. UNEVEN HOOF RINGS MAY INDICATE THAT THE HORSE HAS BEEN FOUNDERED. A.K.A: GROWTH RINGS; FEVER RINGS.
HOOF SEALANT
ANY OF A NUMBER OF ARTIFICIAL VARNISHES WHICH REDUCE THE TRANSFER OF MOISTURE BETWEEN THE HOOF AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
HOOF SIZE
CORRESPONDS TO MACHINE-MADE SHOE SIZE OR STEEL LENGTH TO COVER HOOF WALL WITH A 3/4 INCH WEB SHOE.
HOOF TESTER
IS A DEVICE USED TO LOCATE LAMENESS OR TROUBLE AREAS IN THE HORSE'S HOOF.
HOOFBOUND
SEE: CONTRACTED HOOF.
HORNY FROG
IS A RUBBERY-LIKE CUSHION FOUND IN THE BACK OF THE HOOF.
HORSE MULE
CASTRATED MALE MULE.
HORSE NAIL
SEE: NAIL, HORSESHOE.
HORSESHOE
(1) A DEVICE AFFIXED TO THE EQUINE HOOF TO PROTECT IT FROM WEAR AND DAMAGE, PROVIDE SUPPORT, AND/OR ALTER ITS TRACTION CHARACTERISTICS. MOST MODERN HORSESHOES ARE MADE OF STEEL OR ALUMINUM AND AFFIXED WITH NAILS DRIVEN THROUGH THE HOOF HORN, BUT THERE ARE SOME TYPES WHICH ARE MADE OF OTHER MATERIALS AND ATTACHED IN OTHER WAYS. (2) ANYTHING POSSESSING A SHAPE REMINISCENT OF A CONVENTIONAL HORSESHOE.
HORSESHOER
ANY PERSON WHO APPLIES HORSESHOES TO HORSES' HOOVES. THIS TERM DOES NOT IMPLY ANY PARTICULAR LEVEL OF SKILL, AND MAY REFER TO A VERY GOOD FARRIER, AN INCOMPETENT HACK, OR ANYONE IN BETWEEN.
HOT FITTING
OFTEN, BUT NOT ALWAYS, DONE WHEN HOT SHOEING; HOLDING A HOT SHOE AGAINST THE PREPARED BOTTOM OF THE HOOF UNTIL IT SCORCHES IT SUFFICIENTLY TO INDICATE HIGH SPOTS OF HORN WHICH NEED TO BE REMOVED TO MAKE THE SURFACE OF THE HOOF LEVEL. THIS FITTING CAN BE DONE COLD BY CLOSE OBSERVATION BUT REQUIRES MORE SKILL.
HOT NAIL
SEE: CLOSE NAIL; QUICK.
HOT SET
TO BRIEFLY PRESS A HOT HORSESHOE AGAINST THE BOTTOM OF A HORSE'S HOOF. THIS IS TRADITIONALLY DONE AS AN AID TO LEVELING THE HOOF AND SHOE, AND TO BURN CLIPS INTO THE HOOF WALL. HOT SETTING HAS ALSO BEEN RECOMMENDED AS A WAY TO KILL SURFACE GERMS AND TO SEAL THE PERIMETER OF THE SOLE. AKA: HOT FITTING.
HOT SHOEING
HORSESHOEING WITH THE AID OF A FORGE. MAY INVOLVE FABRICATING THE HORSESHOES FROM BARSTOCK AND/OR HOT SETTING.
HYALINE
GLASSY OR TRANSPARENT. PARTICULARLY THE SUBSTANCE WHICH COVERS THE ENDS OF BONE AT A JOINT.
HYPERTROPHY
INCREASE IN TISSUE VOLUME RESULTING FROM THE ENLARGEMENT OF EXISTING CELLS.
HYPOTHESIS
AN EDUCATED GUESS THAT SEEMS TO FIT THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE. SEE ALSO: SCIENTIFIC PROCESS.
ICF
INTERN CLASSIFICATION FARRIER. AN AFA RECOGNITION FOR STUDENT AND NOVICE FARRIERS. THE ICF EXAMINATION IS SIMILAR IN FORMAT TO THE CF EXAM, BUT HAS LONGER TIME LIMITS AND NO FORGE WORK. SUB-PASSING SCORES ON THE CF EXAM MAY BE ACCEPTED AS PART OF THE ICF EXAM. THE ICF LEVEL IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE AN AFA CERTIFICATION PROPER.
IMPROVER
USED IS SOME EUROPEAN SMITHIES TO DESCRIBE A FARRIER WHOSE STATUS WITHIN THE TRADE IS BETWEEN THAT OF AN APPRENTICE AND A JOURNEYMAN.
INTERDIGITATE
(1) TO FOLD OR LOCK TOGETHER, AS WHEN THE FINGERS OF ONE HAND ARE LACED BETWEEN THOSE OF THE OTHER. THIS TERM DESCRIBES THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HORNY AND SENSITIVE LAMINAE INTERLOCK WITHIN THE HOOF. (2) SPECIFICALLY, COLLISION BETWEEN PAIRED LEGS.
INTERFERE
WHEN A HORSE STRIKES ONE FOOT WITH THE OTHER.
INTERN
ONE WHO COMPLETES A SPECIFIED ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT, THEN EMBARKS ON A FORMAL APPRENTICESHIP. SPELLED "INTERNE" AS A VERB.
IN VITRO
IN THE GLASS. DESCRIBES AN EXPERIMENT OR PROCEDURE DONE OUTSIDE OF THE ANIMAL'S BODY, OFTEN IN A TEST TUBE OR PETRI DISH.
IRON
[ANGO-SAXON IREN OR ISEN; SANSKRIT AYAS]: (1) A METALLIC, ELECTROCONDUCTIVE ELEMENT. ATOMIC NUMBER 26. ATOMIC WEIGHT 55.847. (2) WROUGHT IRON WAS A COMMON FORM OF IMPURE IRON WITH A FIBROUS STRUCTURE. IT WAS WORKABLE COLD, RESISTED BURNING, AND FORGE WELDED EASILY. (3) MILD STEEL, WHICH HAS REPLACED WROUGHT IRON IN GENERAL USE, IS OFTEN CALLED IRON.
ISCHEMIA
LACK OF OXYGENATED BLOOD FLOW TO THE TISSUES.
ITIS
SUFFIX MEANING INFLAMMATION OR DISEASE.
IUJH
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF JOURNEYMAN HORSESHOERS. A FARRIER TRADE UNION STARTED IN 1874 AS THE JOURNEYMAN HORSESHOERS NATIONAL UNION. THE NAME WAS CHANGED TO ITS CURRENT FORM IN 1893. IN 1934 THE PRIMARY EMPHASIS OF THE IUJH SHIFTED FROM DRAFT HORSES TO TRACK HORSE SHOEING. A.K.A: JHU; PLATERS UNION.
JACK
MALE DONKEY OR ASS. MAMMOTH JACK IS A LARGE BREED OF ASSES.
JAMMED HEEL
ONE HEEL APPEARS TO BE JAMMED UP INTO THE FOOT, WITH ITS BULB AND CORONARY BAND CORRESPONDINGLY DISTORTED.
JAR
EXTRA SHARP CALKS.
JENNY OR JENNET
FEMALE DONKEY OR ASS.
JHU
(IUJH) INTERNATIONAL UNION OF JOURNEYMAN HORSESHOERS. A FARRIER TRADE UNION STARTED IN 1874 AS THE JOURNEYMAN HORSESHOERS NATIONAL UNION. THE NAME WAS CHANGED TO ITS CURRENT FORM IN 1893. IN 1934 THE PRIMARY EMPHASIS OF THE IUJH SHIFTED FROM DRAFT HORSES TO TRACK HORSE SHOEING. A.K.A: JHU; PLATERS UNION.
JOURNEYMAN
[FRENCH JOURNEE, A DAY'S WORK. FROM THE LATIN DIURNUS, DAILY]: A PERSON WHO HAS COMPLETED AN APPRENTICESHIP AND IS FREE TO SELL HIS LABOR TO THE MASTER OF ANY SHOP WILLING TO HIRE HIM. DUE TO THE MOBILE, INDEPENDENT NATURE OF THE MODERN HORSESHOER, THE TRADITIONAL JOURNEYMAN FARRIER IS RARE TODAY. SEE ALSO: CJF.
JUNIATA
BRAND OF HORSESHOES. HANDMADE FROM 1824 TO 1859, THEN MACHINE MADE UNTIL 1925.
KEG OF SHOES
100 POUNDS OF SHOES. FROM THE DAYS WHEN HORSESHOES WERE SOLD IN SMALL WOODEN KEGS THAT CONTAINED 100 POUNDS OF SHOES.
KEG SHOE
A CONVENTIONAL, FACTORY MADE HORSESHOE.
KERATIN
[GREEK KERATOS, HORN]: THE TOUGH PROTEIN COMPONENT IN HORN, HAIR, SKIN, AND HOOVES.
KERATOMA
A TUMOR OF THE HORNY LAMINAE. OFTEN SEEN AS AN INWARD DISTORTION OF THE WHITE LINE. A.K.A.: KERAPHYLLOCELE.
KNEE HITTING
INTERFERENCE IN WHICH THE FORE HOOF STRIKES THE INSIDE OF THE KNEE OF THE OPPOSITE LIMB. CALLED SPEEDY CUTTING IN SOME TEXTS CIRCA 1900. A.K.A.: KNEE KNOCKING.
KNOCK KNEES
SEE: CARPUS VALGUS.
LAME
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO IS SUFFERING SUFFICIENT PAIN AND/OR MECHANICAL DEFECT TO INTERFERE WITH NORMAL MOVEMENT AND WEIGHT BEARING IN ONE OR MORE LIMBS. LIMPING.
LAMINA
(PLURAL LAMINAE): THE TISSUES WHICH ATTACH THE PIII TO THE HOOF WALL. THE INNER LAMINAE ARE ATTACHED TO THE BONE AND ARE CALLED SENSITIVE LAMINAE. THE OUTER LAMINAE ARE ATTACHED TO THE WALL AND ARE CALLED HORNY LAMINAE. WITH MAGNIFICATION FROM THE SOLAR VIEWPOINT, THE HORNY AND SENSITIVE LAMINAE CAN BE SEEN TO BE FOLDED TOGETHER OR INTERDIGITATED. THE UNIQUE STRUCTURE OF THE LAMINAE GIVE THE PIII/HOOF WALL UNION SEVERAL SQUARE FEET OF ATTACHMENT SURFACE WHILE ALLOWING THE WALL TO GROW DOWN IN RELATION TO THE BONE.
LAMINITIS
A SYSTEMIC ILLNESS IN THE HORSE WHICH INVOLVES THE MALFUNCTION OF THE AVAS IN THE HOOVES. THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HOOF MAY BE INCREASED, BUT IT IS DIVERTED AWAY FROM THE FINE CAPILLARIES WHICH SUPPLY THE LAMINAE. THIS RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF SOME LAMINAR TISSUE, AND CAUSES THE HORSE PAIN. LAMINITIS CAN LEAD TO FOUNDER.
LATERAL
(1) THE OUTER SIDE, AWAY FROM THE CENTERLINE. OPPOSITE OF MEDIAL. (2) ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE HORSE; SUCH AS THE NEAR FORELEG AND THE NEAR HIND. (3) TOWARDS OR ON THE SIDE OF SOMETHING.
LATERAL CARTILAGES
CARTILAGE STRUCTURES WHICH EXTEND, ONE FROM EITHER SIDE, REARWARD FROM THE WINGS OF THE PIII. THESE FORM THE INTERNAL SUPPORT POSTERIOR PART OF THE HOOF. A.K.A: COLLATERAL CARTILAGES.
LATERAL EXTENSOR TENDON
THE LET ASSISTS THE COMMON EXTENSOR TENDON IN EXTENDING THE FRONT LEG AND THE LONG EXTENSOR TENDON IN EXTENDING THE HIND END. THE LET IS ANATOMICALLY DIFFERENT IN THE FRONT AND HIND LIMBS OF THE HORSE. IN THE FRONT LIMB, THE LET RUNS SEPARATELY BUT PARALLEL TO THE CDET AND INSERTS ON THE UPPER END OF THE OUTSIDE SURFACE OF THE LONG PASTERN BONE JUST BELOW THE FETLOCK JOINT. IN THE HIND LIMB, THE LET MAY VARY, BUT GENERALLY JOINS THE LEDT JUST BELOW THE HOCK. OCCASIONALLY IT WILL FORM AN ATTACHMENT ON THE LONG PASTERN BONE. HORSES WITH THE CONDITION KNOWN AS "STRINGHALT" WILL SOMETIMES HAVE THAT PORTION OF THE LET WHICH PASSES OVER THE HOCK SURGICALLY REMOVED.
LATERAL GAIT
BOTH OFF LIMBS MOVE MORE OR LESS IN UNISON, AS DO BOTH NEAR LIMBS. A PACE IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A LATERAL GAIT.
LEG
THE PORTION OF THE LIMB OF THE HORSE BELOW THE KNEE OR HOCK.
LESION
A WOUND OR LOCAL DEGENERATION OF TISSUE OR BONE.
LHLT
LOW HEEL, LONG TOE: A CONDITION IN EQUINE HOOVES IN WHICH THE HEELS ARE EXCESSIVELY LOW DUE TO TRIMMING, WEAR, OR UNDERRUN GROWTH; AND THE TOE IS EXCESSIVELY LONG, OFTEN IN THE FORM OF A FLARE. L.H.L.T. IS KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO NAVICULAR DISEASE AND GAIT DEFECTS SUCH AS FORGING AND OVERREACHING. A.K.A: L.T.L.H.
LIGAMENT
LIGAMENTS ARE STRONG FIBROUS TISSUES WHICH CONNECT BONES TO ONE ANOTHER. (EXCEPT FOR CHECK LIGAMENTS, WHICH CONNECT TENDON TO BONE.) LIGAMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO SPRAINS AND TEARS.
LIMB
THE ENTIRE EQUINE APPENDAGE, FROM THE SCAPULA OR HIP DOWN.
LIMPING
LIMPING IS ANY UNEVENNESS OF GAIT, TYPICALLY DUE TO LAMENESS.
LINE GAITED
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO TROTS WITH EACH HIND HOOF FOLLOWING DIRECTLY IN LINE WITH ITS LATERAL FORE HOOF. SEE ALSO: PASSING GAITED.
LIP CHAIN
A CHAIN (BETWEEN THE LIP AND GUM) USED FOR CONTROLLING A NERVOUS HORSE.
LONG DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON
AKA: MAIN EXTENSOR TENDON, IS FOUND IN THE HIND LIMB, AND IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME FROM THE HOCK DOWN, AS THE COMMON DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON IS BELOW THE KNEE.
LUXATE
[FROM THE GREEK LOXOS, SLANTING]: TO PUT OUT OF JOINT OR DISLOCATE.
MAIN EXTENSOR TENDON
SEE: COMMON DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON
MALNUTRITION
SIGNIFICANTLY INAPPROPRIATE DIET. THIS IS NOT LIMITED TO UNDERFEEDING, BUT ALSO INCLUDES OVERFEEDING AND EXCESSIVE OR INSUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF INDIVIDUAL NUTRIENTS IN THE DIET.
MARE
SEXUALLY MATURE FEMALE HORSE USUALLY 4 YEARS OLD OR OLDER. A.K.A.: DAM ("OUT OF").
MARK FISHER
FIRST AMERICAN ANVILS PRODUCED IN 1843. CAST STEEL FACES WELDED TO A CAST IRON BODIES, RATHER THAN FORGED ANVILS.
MASTER
(1) TRADITIONALLY, A TRADESMAN WHO IS PROPRIETOR OF HIS OWN BUSINESS. ESPECIALLY IF THAT BUSINESS EMPLOYS OTHERS. (2) A TRAINER OF APPRENTICES.
MEDIAL
INSIDE, TOWARD THE CENTER LINE OF THE BODY. THE INSIDE HALF OF THE LIMB. SEE ALSO: LATERAL.
MEDIOLATERAL BALANCE
DESCRIBES THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING OVER THE MEDIAL AND LATERAL HALVES OF THE HOOF.
MORPHOLOGY
THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES WITHOUT CONSIDERATION FOR THEIR FUNCTION.
MULE
OFFSPRING OR PROGENY OF A JACK AND A MARE.
MULE FOOT
A NARROW HOOF WITH STRAIGHT QUARTERS AND A LARGE FROG.
MULED HEELS
PAIRED EXTENDED HEELS ON A HORSESHOE.
MUSTAD
SWEDISH-BASED HORSESHOE NAIL MANUFACTURER SINCE 1885. MUSTAD CURRENTLY OWNS CAPEWELL AND COOPER HORSESHOE NAIL COMPANIES, AS WELL AS A DIVISION WHICH PRODUCES GLUE-ON HORSESHOES AND POLYURETHANE-CLAD ALUMINUM HORSESHOES. MUSTAD ALSO PRODUCES HOOF TREATMENT CHEMICALS AND HORSESHOE CALKS.
NAIL, HORSESHOE
SOFT STEEL NAILS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR ATTACHING HORSESHOES TO HOOVES. THEY ARE GENERALLY MADE WITH A FOUR-SIDED, TAPERED SHAFT; THE TIP BEVELED ON THE INSIDE, AND A HEAD SHAPED TO SEAT INTO A HORSESHOE. A PATTERN OR TRADEMARK IS STAMPED INTO THE INSIDE FACE OF THE HEAD TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH THE INSIDE FROM THE OUTSIDE AT A GLANCE. CARPENTER OR MASONRY NAILS ARE NOT SUITABLE SUBSTITUTES FOR HORSESHOE NAILS. A.K.A: HORSE NAILS.
NAIL NIPPERS/PULL-OFFS
A TOOL USED FOR REMOVING SHOES, NAILS, AND CUTTING NAILS.
NAPOLEAN SHOE
SEE: BACKWARDS SHOE.
NARROW BEHIND
THE HIND FEET ARE CLOSER TOGETHER THAN THE HIPS.
NAVICULAR DISEASE
[FROM THE LATIN NAVICULA, LITTLE SHIP]: DEGENERATIVE HEEL LAMENESS. MAY INVOLVE THE NAVICULAR BONE, NAVICULAR BURSA, DDF, AND THE COFFIN JOINT. A.K.A: NAVICULAR SYNDROME.
NEAR
THE SIDE OF THE HORSE THAT FACES WEST WHEN THE ANIMAL IS WALKING NORTH. THE HORSE'S LEFT SIDE. HORSES ARE MOST OFTEN LED, SADDLED, AND MOUNTED FROM THE NEAR SIDE. OPPOSITE OF OFF.
NECROPSY
A POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION.
NECROSIS
DEATH OF ANIMAL TISSUES
NERVING
SEE: NEURECTOMY.
NEURECTOMY
REMOVAL OF A SECTION OF NERVE TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE SENSATION IN PART OF AN ANIMAL'S BODY. THIS PROCEDURE IS OFTEN PERFORMED TO ALLEVIATE PAIN WITHIN THE HORSE'S HOOF. AFTER SUCH A NEURECTOMY, THE HORSE MAY NOT BE CONSIDERED ENTIRELY SOUND BECAUSE THE MECHANICAL CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM STILL EXISTS.
NICHOLSON
BRAND OF RASPS FROM 1864 TO THE PRESENT.
NODDING
NODDING OR BOBBING THE HEAD IS OFTEN AN INDICATION OF LAMENESS. THE HORSE WILL USE HIS HEAD TO HELP UNWEIGHT A LAME LEG.
NON-WEIGHT BEARING
A NON-WEIGHT BEARING LEG IS ONE THAT IS SO SORE THAT THE HORSE WILL CARRY IT WITHOUT LETTING IT TOUCH THE GROUND WHILE MOVING.
NORMAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL SHOEING
SHOEING OF A NORMAL FOOT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT SO AS TO INTERFERE IN A MINIMAL WAY WITH THEM. BALANCING OF THE FOOT IS CONSIDERED OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE.
NORMAN
ONE OF THE FIVE BASIC HOOF SHAPES LISTED IN THE EAGLE EYE APPROACH SUGGESTED BY SCOTT SIMPSON, CJF. THE NORMAN PATTERN IS CONSIDERED THE MOST NORMAL FORE HOOF SHAPE, AND IS GENERALLY ROUND WITH THE WIDEST PART OF THE FOOT LOCATED MIDWAY BETWEEN THE TOE AND HEELS.
OAKUM
MEDICATED HEMP USED FOR PACKING.
OBEL LAMENESS GRADES
A SYSTEM OF RATING DEGREES OF LAMENESS RESULTING FROM LAMINITIS DEVELOPED BY NILES OBEL CIRCA 1948. OBEL GRADE I FEATURES FREQUENT SHIFTING OF WEIGHT BETWEEN THE FEET, NO DISCERNIBLE LAMENESS AT THE WALK, AND BILATERAL LAMENESS AT THE TROT. OBEL GRADE II HORSES DO NOT RESIST HAVING A FORELEG LIFTED, NOR ARE THEY RELUCTANT TO WALK, BUT THEY DO SHOW LAMENESS AT THE WALK. OBEL GRADE III HORSES DO RESIST HAVING A FORELEG LIFTED, AND ARE RELUCTANT TO WALK. OBEL GRADE IV HORSES WILL WALK ONLY IF FORCED.
OCCLUSION
BLOCKING OF AN OPENING OR PASSAGE WITHIN AN ANIMAL'S BODY.
OFF
THE HORSE'S RIGHT SIDE. THE SIDE OF THE HORSE THAT FACES EAST WHEN THE ANIMAL IS WALKING NORTH. OPPOSITE OF NEAR.
OFFSET KNEE
SEE: BENCH KNEE.
ONYCHOMYCOSIS
MEANS A FUNGAL DISEASE OF THE NAIL OR CLAW. DENOTES THE DECAY OF THE INNER HOOF WALL AND THE WHITE LINE AS A RESULT OF INFECTION BY HIGHLY ADAPTABLE MICROORGANISMS. A.K.A: WHITE LINE DISEASE; ONYCHOLYSIS.
OPENED-TOED EGGBAR
SEE: BACKWARDS SHOE.
OSSELETS
ARTHRITIS OF THE FETLOCK JOINT, CHARACTERIZED BY HARD SWELLING.
OSSIFICATION
THE HARDENING OF SOFT TISSUES, SUCH AS LIGAMENT OR CARTILAGE, INTO BONE. THIS IS OFTEN A PART OF THE NATURAL AGING PROCESS.
OSTE
GREEK PREFIX MEANING BONE.
OSTEO
GREEK PREFIX MEANING BONE.
OSTEOLYSIS
DEGENERATION OF BONE.
OUT OF
REFERS TO THE HORSE'S MATERNAL PARENTAGE. FOR EXAMPLE: DISCOVERY IS OUT OF ARIADNE.
OVER-REACHING
A FAULT IN GAIT WHICH CAUSES THE TOE OF A HIND HOOF TO STRIKE THE BACK OF THE LATERAL FORE LEG OR THE HEEL OF ITS HOOF OR HORSESHOE. SIMILAR, BUT NOT IDENTICAL, TO FORGING.
P III
THIRD PHALANX. THE MOST DISTAL BONE IN EACH EQUINE LIMB. IT IS SITUATED COMPLETELY WITHIN THE HOOF, AND RESEMBLES THE HOOF IN BASIC SHAPE. A.K.A: COFFIN BONE; DISTAL PHALANGE; PEDAL BONE; OS PEDIS.
P III ROTATION
SEE: TRUE P III ROTATION.
PACKING
TO FILL THE CONCAVITY OF THE SOLE AND THE COMMISSURES OF THE FROG WITH MATERIAL THAT WILL PREVENT THRUSH AND KEEP DIRT FROM BEING TRAPPED IN THE HOOF WHILE A PAD IS ON UNDER THE SHOE. THE PACKING MATERIAL MAY ALSO CONTAIN VARIOUS ANTIBIOTICS AND MEDICATIONS FOR OTHER THERAPEUTIC USES.
PADDLING
SEE: WINGING-OUT.
PADS
LEATHER, PLASTIC OR OTHER MATERIALS CUT TO THE SHAPE OF SHOE, AND PLACED BETWEEN THE SHOE AND HOOF. USED FOR VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES.
PAIR
TWO HORSESHOES OR HOOVES. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, A PAIR MEANS EITHER BOTH FORES OR BOTH HINDS.
PALLIATIVE
AFFORDING TEMPORARY RELIEF, BUT NOT A CURE.
PALMAR
[LATIN PALMARIS]: THE PALM SIDE. THIS REFERS TO THE BACK SIDE OF THE HORSE'S FORE LEG. A.K.A: VOLAR.
PALMAR PROCESS
THE REARMOST PORTION OF EITHER SIDE OF A PIII. THIS IS WHERE THE LATERAL CARTILAGES ATTACH TO THE BONE.
PALPATE
TO EXAMINE BY TOUCH.
PASSING GATED
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO TROTS WITH HIS HIND FEET TRACKING WIDER THAN HIS FORE FEET. NOT A GAIT AS SUCH.
PASTERN (LONG)
IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE FETLOCK AND PASTERN JOINTS AND CONNECTS WITH THE CANNON BONE TO FORM THE FETLOCK JOINT. THE FUNCTION OF THE LONG PASTERN IS TO INCREASE FLEXIBILITY OF THE FETLOCK JOINT.
PASTERN (SHORT)
IS CONNECTED TO THE LONG PASTERN BONE AT THE PASTERN JOINT AND HELPS TO FORM A COLUMN OF BONES FROM THE FETLOCK JOINT INTO THE HOOF. IT IS ALSO CALLED THE CORONARY BONE.
PATHO- OR PATH-
[GREEK PATHOS]: PREFIX DENOTING DISEASE OR SUFFERING.
PATHOGENISIS
ORIGIN OF SUFFERING. THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DISEASE.
PATHOLOGICAL
SEE: THERAPEUTIC.
PATHOLOGICAL SHOEING
SHOEING TO REMEDY A DISEASE OR INJURY OF THE FOOT OR LEG.
PATHOLOGY
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND NATURE OF DISEASE.
PATTEN SHOE
(1) A FORM OF BAR SHOE THAT ACTS AS AN EXTREME WEDGE SHOE. A.K.A: REST SHOE. (2) ORIGINAL NAME FOR WHAT IS NOW CALLED A STIFLE SHOE.
PEDAL OSTEITIS
SEVERE AND/OR REPEATED BRUISING OF THE SOLE RESULTING IN THE INFLAMMATION OF THE P III.
PELVIC LIMB
A HIND LIMB.
PENETRATING CRACK
ANY KIND OF HOOF CRACK WHICH EXPOSES SENSITIVE TISSUE AND/OR CAUSES LAMENESS. A.K.A: DEEP CRACK.
PERFORANS
THE DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON.
PERFORATUS
THE SUPERFICAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON.
PERI-
[GREEK]: PREFIX MEANING AROUND OR ENCLOSING.
PERIARTICULAR
SITUATED AROUND A JOINT.
PERICHONDRIUM
THE MEMBRANES WHICH COVER CARTILAGES.
PERIOPLE
THE THIN, TOUGH, PROTECTIVE COVERING OF THE CORONARY BAND. THE PERIOPLE NORMALLY EXTENDS LESS THAN ONE INCH DOWN THE HOOF WALL.
PERIOPLE RING
HOLDS MOISTURE IN AND DRYNESS OUT; IT SURROUNDS THE CORONARY BAND.
PERIOSTEUM
THE FIBROUS MEMBRANES WHICH COVER THE BONES.
PERIOSTITIS
SEE: EXOSTOSIS.
PERITENDINITIS
SEE: BOWED TENDON.
PETER WRIGHT
BRAND OF FORGED ANVILS FROM 1700 TO 1930.
PH
A CHEMICAL SCALE FROM 0-14 USED FOR MEASURING SOLUTIONS WITH 7 AS A BASE RATING FOR A NEUTRAL SOLUTION, INCREASING WITH HIGHER ALKALINITY, AND DECREASING WITH HIGHER ACIDITY.
PHALANGE
SEE: PHALANX.
PHALANGEAL IMBALANCE
A CONDITION DUE TO EXCESSIVE HEEL GROWTH. THE P III AND HOOF ARE PARALLEL, BUT NOT IN LINE WITH THE PASTERN. THIS CONDITION CAN OCCUR WITH CLUB FOOT.
PHALANX
ANY OF THE MAJOR BONES IN A DIGIT. THE PLURAL "PHALANXES" IS USED ONLY FOR THE MILITARY (NON-ANATOMIC) MEANING OF THIS WORD. THE PLURAL PHALANGES IS USED IN ANATOMY.
PHOENIX
BRAND OF KEG SHOES FROM 1882 THROUGH 1962.
PHYSIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HOW THE BODY FUNCTIONS.
PIGEON TOED
SEE: TOED-IN.
PILLARS
TWO IMAGINARY LINES RUNNING THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE DORSAL HOOF WALL, WHICH ARE ANTERIOR POINTS OF WEIGHT-BEARING. A FARRIER'S GUIDELINE TO HELP DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF ROLL NEEDED FOR A ROLLED TOE. USED IN DUCKETT'S METHOD OF HOOF BALANCE.
PLAIN HORSESHOE
(1) A KEG SHOE WITH NO CALKS OR SPECIAL FEATURES. USUALLY CREASED JUST THROUGH THE NAIL HOLES. (2) A HANDMADE SHOE WITHOUT ANY SPECIAL FEATURES, CALKS, FULLERING, OR CREASING.
PLANTAR
[FROM THE LATIN PLANTA, THE SOLE OF THE HUMAN FOOT]: THE BACK SIDE OF THE HORSE'S HIND LEG.
PLANTAR CUSHION
THE SENSITIVE, RUBBERY STRUCTURE SITUATED ABOVE THE FROG WITHIN THE HOOF. BECAUSE THE WORD "PLANTAR" IMPLIES THE HIND FOOT, AND THE CUSHIONS ARE COMMON TO ALL FOUR HOOVES, THEY ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS DIGITAL CUSHIONS.
PLATER
A RACE HORSE SHOER, SPECIFICALLY A SHOER OF "FLAT TRACK" OR THOROUGHBRED AND QUARTER HORSE RUNNING HORSES.
PLATERS UNION
SEE: IUJH.
PLEXUS
[LATIN]: A NETWORK OF NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS.
POPPED ANKLE
SEE: WINDPUFF.
POPPED KNEE
ANY OF SEVERAL FORMS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE CARPUS. MAY BE A BURSITIS, A HERNIATED JOINT CAPSULE, OR A DISTENDED TENDON SHEATH. A.K.A: BIG KNEE; CAPPED KNEE; HYGROMA.
POPPED SESAMOID
INFLAMMATION OF A PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONE OR A SESAMOIDIAN LIGAMENT. MAY RESULT FROM UNEVEN STRESS ON THE FETLOCK, OR FROM DIRECT INJURY SUCH AS MAY BE CAUSED BY INTERFERENCE. A.K.A: SESAMOIDITIS.
POSTERIOR
TOWARDS OR ON THE BACK OF SOMETHING. OPPOSITE OF ANTERIOR.
POST-MORTEM
(1) AFTER DEATH. (2) AN AUTOPSY.
PRICK
SEE: QUICK.
PRITCHEL
A DRIVEN TOOL WITH A TAPERED, RECTANGULAR SHAFT WHICH IS USED TO PUNCH, CLEAN OUT, RESIZE, OR REPITCH NAIL HOLES IN HORSESHOES. WHEN PUNCHING A NEW NAIL HOLE, THE PRITCHEL IS USED ONLY TO PUNCH THROUGH THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE MADE BY THE FOREPUNCH AND/OR CREASER OR FULLER. THE PRITCHEL SHOULD BE USED WHEN STEEL HORSESHOES ARE AT DULL RED OR BLACK HEAT.
PROLAPSED SOLE
SEE: DROPPED SOLE.
PROLIFERATIVE
TO REPRODUCE OR PRODUCE NEW GROWTH OR PARTS RAPIDLY AND REPEATEDLY. TO INCREASE OR SPREAD AT A RAPID RATE.
PROUD FLESH
A PROLIFERATION OF GRANULATED TISSUE WHICH SOMETIMES OCCURS IN OPEN WOUNDS.
PROXIMAL
IN REFERENCE TO LIMBS, PROXIMAL MEANS CLOSE TO THE TORSO, OR COMPARATIVELY CLOSER TO THE TORSO. OPPOSITE OF DISTAL.
PSEUDALLESCHERIA BOYDII
MICROORGANISM IMPLICATED IN SOME CASES OF ONYCHOMYCOSIS.
PULSE (RESTING HEART RATE)
AVERAGE 44 BEATS PER MINUTE (23 TO 70 RANGE, INFLUENCED BY AGE AND FITNESS).
PUSS POCKET
SEE: ABCESS.
PUTNAM
BRAND OF HORSESHOE NAILS FROM 1859 TO AROUND 1920. FIRST SUCCESSFUL MACHINE-MADE HORSESHOE NAILS.
PYRAMIDAL DISEASE
SEVERE INFLAMMATION OF THE P III AT THE EXTENSOR PROCESS WHERE THE MAIN DIGITAL EXTENSOR TENDON IS ATTACHED. DORSAL SWELLING ABOVE THE CORONARY BAND AND DEFORMED HOOF WALL GROWTH MAY OCCUR. A.K.A: BUTTRESS FOOT; EXTENSOR PROCESS DISEASE.
QUARTER
A PORTION OF THE HOOF BETWEEN THE HEEL AND THE TOE.
QUARTER CLIPS
A LIP DRAWN OUT OF THE SIDE NEAR THE HEEL OF A SHOE. USED TO PREVENT THE HEELS FROM SPREADING.
QUARTER CRACK
(1) ANY SANDCRACK IN THE QUARTERS OF THE HOOF WALL. MAY BE SUPERFICIAL OR PENETRATING; BASAL OR CORONARY. (2) THIS TERM HAS BEEN USED TO SPECIFICALLY DENOTE A CORONARY SANDCRACK IN THE QUARTER.
QUICK
[FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON CWIC, ALIVE OR LIVING]:(1) ANY OF THE SENSITIVE STRUCTURES WITHIN THE HOOF CAPSULE. (2) TO CUT, OR DRIVE A NAIL, INTO THE QUICK. A.K.A: PRICK; HOT NAIL.
QUITTOR
[FROM THE OLD FRENCH QUITTURE, DISCHARGE]: NECROSIS OF THE LATERAL CARTILAGES DUE TO INFECTION. CHARACTERIZED BY SEVERE LAMENESS AND PUSS DISCHARGE.
RADIOGRAPH
AN "X-RAY". AN IMAGE PRODUCED BY PHOTOGRAPHING ARTIFICIALLY GENERATED RADIATION WHICH PASSES THROUGH VISUALLY OPAQUE MATTER. ONLY DENSE OBJECTS, SUCH AS BONE, ARE NORMALLY VISIBLE ON RADIOGRAPHS, ALTHOUGH SOFT TISSUE IMAGES CAN BE PRODUCED THR OUGH SPECIAL TECHNIQUES.
RALPH
ONE OF THE FIVE BASIC HOOF SHAPES LISTED IN THE EAGLE-EYE APPROACH SUGGESTED BY SCOTT SIMPSON, CJF. THE RALPH PATTERN IS GENERALLY ASYMMETRIC, WITH THE WIDEST PART OF THE FOOT LOCATED IN THE REAR THIRD AND ONE BUTTRESS FARTHER BACK THAN THE OTHER.
REGISTERED JOURNEYMAN FARRIER (RJF)
CREDENTIAL ISSUED BY THE GUILD OF PROFESSIONAL FARRIERS WHICH IDENTIFIES FULLY QUALIFIED PROFESSIONAL FARRIERS TO THE EQUESTRIAN COMMUNITY. IT RECOGNIZES THE LEVEL OF PRACTICE THAT SERIOUS WORKING FARRIERS HAVE ESTABLISHED IN THE FIELD. TESTING CONSISTS OF 1: FORGE WORK (A SHOE BOARD); 2: A COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAM COVERING APPLIED FARRIERY, ANATOMY, BIOMECHANICS PATHOLOGY, PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY; 3) LIVE SHOEING.
REGISTERED MASTER FARRIER (RMF)
CREDENTIAL ISSUED BY THE GUILD OF PROFESSIONAL FARRIERS WHICH IDENTIFIES FARRIERS QUALIFIED TO INSTRUCT OTHER FARRIERS IN FORMAL APPRENTICESHIP AND CLINIC SITUATIONS. IT RECOGNIZES NOT ONLY THE UNDERSTANDING ONE HAS GAINED FROM STUDY, PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE, BUT ALSO THE ABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY EXPRESS THAT UNDERSTANDING TO OTHERS.
RELIEVED
DESCRIBES A HORSESHOE THAT IS BEVELED OR DEPRESSED ON THE INNER HALF OF THE WEB ON THE HOOF-FACING SURFACE, EXCEPT FOR THE HEELS. THIS IS DONE TO PREVENT THE SHOE FROM APPLYING PRESSURE ON THE SOLE OF THE HOOF.
RESECTION
AN OPERATION INVOLVING THE REMOVAL OF PART OF AN ORGAN OR STRUCTURE.
RESET
TO REMOVE A HORSESHOE, TRIM THE HOOF, THEN REATTACH THE SAME HORSESHOE. A.K.A: SHIFT.
RESPIRATION RATE (RESTING)
AVERAGE 12 BREATHS PER MINUTE (8 TO 16 RANGE).
RETAINED SOLE
THE SOLE OF A HOOF WHICH DOES NOT EXFOLIATE NORMALLY. THIS CAN BE A BENEFICIAL TRAIT, AS THE RETAINED SOLE PROVIDES EXTRA PROTECTION FOR THE HOOF'S INTERNAL STRUCTURES. A.K.A: FALSE SOLE.
RETROGRADE VENOUS THERAPY
A VETERINARY PROCEDURE WHICH INVOLVES PLACING A TOURNIQUET ABOVE THE FETLOCK, THEN INJECTING A SUBSTANCE INTO A VEIN, FORCING IT TO FLOW BACKWARDS THROUGH THE CIRCULATORY BED INTO THE ARTERIES. INFUSING PLASMA FROM A HEALTHY HORSE IN THIS WAY HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A POSSIBLE TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LAMINITIS.
REVERSE SHOE
SEE: BACKWARDS SHOE.
RINGBONE
EXOSTOSIS IN OR AROUND THE COFFIN OR PASTERN JOINT, OR ON THE PASTERN BONES. HIGH RINGBONE IS IN OR NEAR THE PASTERN JOINT AND IS USUALLY PALPABLE. LOW RINGBONE IS IN OR NEAR THE COFFIN JOINT, AND OFTEN IS NOT DIRECTLY VISIBLE. ARTICULAR RINGBONE ACTUALLY INVOLVES A JOINT. PERIARTICULAR RINGBONE IS LOCATED AROUND, BUT NOT WITHIN A JOINT. EXOSTOSIS ON THE PASTERN BONES, BETWEEN THE JOINTS, IS CALLED FALSE RINGBONE OR NON-ARTICULAR RINGBONE.
ROAD FOUNDER
GENERAL BREAKDOWN OF THE HOOF AS A RESULT OF EXTERNAL STRESSES AND/OR AGE. ROAD FOUNDER OFTEN RESEMBLES FOUNDER PROPER, WITH FAILURE OF THE LAMINAE AND LOSS OF HORN VITALITY, BUT USUALLY HAS NO ACUTE ONSET VIA LAMINITIS.
ROAD PUFF
SEE: WIND PUFF.
ROCKERED TOE
A HORSESHOE THAT HAS BEEN BENT UPWARD TOWARD THE HOOF AT THE TOE. THIS EASES AND DIRECTS BREAKOVER. HOOVES MUST BE SPECIALLY PREPARED TO RECEIVE ROCKER TOE SHOES.
ROENTGEN RAYS
SEE: X-RAYS.
ROLLED TOE
A HORSESHOE THAT HAS BEEN ROUNDED OR BEVELED ON THE OUTER EDGE OF THE GROUND SURFACE AT THE TOE. THIS EASES BREAKOVER. THE HOOF SIDE OF THE SHOE IS LEFT FLAT, SO THE HOOF NEEDS NO SPECIAL PREPARATION.
ROPE WALKING
A GAIT DEFECT WHICH RESULTS IN THE HORSE'S TRACKS BEING LEFT IN A SINGLE LINE, AS IF THE ANIMAL HAD BEEN WALKING ON A TIGHTROPE. HORSES THAT ROPEWALK ARE LIKELY TO INTERFERE. A.K.A: CAT WALKING.
ROTATION
SEE: TRUE P III ROTATION; CAPSULAR ROTATION; FOUNDER.
ROTATIONAL DEFORMITIES
CONFORMATIONAL GROWTH PROBLEMS WHERE THE BONES ARE PROPERLY IN LINE VERTICALLY BUT SOME ARE NOT FACING THE RIGHT DIRECTION - ROTATED IN OR OUT FROM THE VERTICAL LINE.
ROUNDING HAMMER
TOOL USED BY THE FARRIER AT THE ANVIL TO SHAPE METAL OR SHOES, USUALLY WEIGHING 2 TO 4 POUNDS. ONE FACE IS FLAT AND ONE FACE IS ROUND.
RSS
REGISTERED SHOEING SMITH. PREVIOUS TITLE FOR ENGLISH FARRIERS AT THE LEVEL NOW CALLED D.W.C.F.
RUN-UNDER HEELS
SEE: UNDERRUN HEELS.
SABER-LEGGED
SEE: SICKLE HOCKED.
SAFED
DESCRIBES A HORSESHOE WHICH HAS THE OUTER EDGE OF THE GROUND SURFACE OF THE MEDIAL BRANCH BEVELED. THIS IS DONE TO DECREASE THE CHANCE OF IT PULLING ANOTHER SHOE OR CAUSING INJURY SHOULD THE HORSE INTERFERE.
SAGITTAL
[FROM THE LATIN SAGITTA, AN ARROW]: A SAGITTAL PLANE DIVIDES THE LEFT SIDE FROM THE RIGHT. HOOF ANATOMY MODELS ARE OFTEN CUT INTO SAGITTAL SECTION. SEE ALSO: TRANSVERSAL.
SALINE
CONTAINING A SALT.
SANDCRACK
A HOOF CRACK PARALLEL TO THE HORN TUBULES. MAY BE SUPERFICIAL OR PENETRATING, AND CAN OCCUR ANYWHERE IN THE HOOF WALL.
SCAPLING
FAULT OF GAIT WHICH RESULTS IN THE TOE OF A FORE HOOF STRIKING THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE LATERAL HIND HOOF OR LEG.
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
SYSTEMATIC USE OF CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS TO TRY TO PROVE AND DISPROVE A GIVEN HYPOTHESIS.
SCLEROSIS
[FROM THE GREEK SKLEROS, HARD]: HARDENING OF SOFT TISSUES, ESPECIALLY NERVES, DUE TO DISEASE.
SCOTCHED
DESCRIBES A HORSESHOE WHICH HAS ITS OUTER EDGE SLOPED OUTWARD FROM THE HOOF SURFACE DOWN TO THE GROUND SURFACE. THIS IS USUALLY DONE ON DRAFT HORSESHOES TO GIVE THE HORSE A GREATER BASE OF SUPPORT AND CREATE THE APPEARANCE OF A LARGER HOOF.
SDF
SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON. A TENDON WHICH RUNS DOWN THE BACK OF THE LEG, SPLITS BELOW THE FETLOCK, AND ATTACHES TO THE P I AND P II. IN THE HIND LEGS, THE SDF ACTS PRIMARILY AS A LIGAMENT OF THE STAY APPARATUS.
SEALANT
SEE: HOOF SEALANT.
SEATING OUT
SLOPING THE INNER PART OF THE HOOF-SIDE OF A HORSESHOE WEB AWAY FROM THE HOOF. THIS IS DONE TO PREVENT THE SHOE FROM PUTTING PRESSURE ON THE SOLE.
SEEDY TOE
SPREADING OF THE WHITE LINE, USUALLY MOST PREVELANT AND OBVIOUS IN THE FORWARD, TOE AREA OF THE HOOF. THE CONDITION MAY BE CAUSED BY A NUMBER OF FACTORS, ALTHOUGH IT USUALLY IS A SEQUAL TO CHRONIC LAMINITIS.
SELENIUM
A NONMETALLIC ELEMENT. ATOMIC NUMBER 34. ATOMIC WEIGHT 78.96. SELENIUM IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING MINERAL NUTRIENT WHICH IS DEFICIENT IN NEARLY ALL US SOIL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, AND MUCH OF THE REST OF THE NATION. SELENIUM DEFICIENCY IN HORSES HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT SORENESS, POOR HOOF GROWTH AND QUALITY, AND DULL HAIRCOAT. CASCADE, MARYLAND, FARRIER HENRY HEYMERING SUGGESTS 4MG DAILY SUPPLEMENTAL SELENIUM FOR HORSES IN SELENIUM POOR AREAS. FROGS DISCOLORED YELLOW ARE A SIGN OF SELENIUM DEFICIENCY.
SEMILUNAR CREST
THE INNER CURVE OF THE COFFIN BONE WHERE THE DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON ATTACHES.
SENSITIVE FROG
IS FILLED WITH NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS THAT NOURISH THE INNER AND OUTER STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER LIMB.
SENSITIVE LAMINAE
IS A COVERING FOR THE COFFIN BONE AND IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE COFFIN BONE AND THE HORNY WALL.
SENSITIVE SOLE
A THIN LAYER OF TISSUE ON THE LOWER SURFACE OF THE COFFIN BONE JUST ABOVE THE HORNY SOLE.
SEPSIS
THE PRESENCE OF DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS OR THEIR TOXINS IN THE BLOOD OR TISSUES.
SEQUESTRUM
[FROM THE LATIN SEQUESTO, TO SEVER]: PORTION OF BONE WHICH HAS BECOME DETACHED IN NECROSIS.
SERVICEABLY SOUND
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO IS CAPABLE OF PERFORMING THE WORK FOR WHICH HE IS INTENDED WITHOUT BECOMING LAME.
SESAMOID BONES
ARE SHAPED LIKE SMALL PYRAMIDS AND ARE ATTACHED BY LIGAMENTS TO THE LONG PASTERN BONES.
SESAMOIDITIS
THE INFLAMMATION OR DISLOCATION OF THE PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONE(S). MAY INVOLVE AN ACTUAL FRACTURE OF A SESAMOID BONE. SESAMOIDITIS CAN BE THE RESULT OF DIRECT INJURY, UNEVEN WEIGHTBEARING, OR FATIGUE. A.K.A: POPPED SESAMOID.
SET
FOUR HORSESHOES.
SET TOE
EUROPEAN TERM FOR ROCKERED TOE.
SHEARED HEELS
FAILURE OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES WHICH NORMALLY BIND THE HEELS TOGETHER. ALLOWS THE HEELS TO FLEX APART MORE THAN NORMAL, AND CAN CAUSE LAMENESS. THIS TERM WAS SOMETIMES USED IN THE PAST TO DENOTE A JAMMED HEEL.
SHELLY WALL
HOOF WALL THAT IS THIN AND TENDS TO SPLIT OR FLAKE AWAY. IT DOES NOT SUPPORT THE WEIGHT WELL.
SHIFT
TO "SHIFT THE SHOES" IS AN ARCHAIC TERM FOR A RESET.
SHIM
A WEDGE (THICKER AT THE TOE).
SHIN SPLINTS
A SLIGHT BULGE ON THE SPLINT BONE(S)
SHOEBOIL
AN INJURY ON THE POINT OF THE ELBOW, SUCH AS A SORE, ABCESS OR BURSITIS, SOMETIMES CAUSED BY HEEL OF THE FRONT SHOE.
SHOE TONGS
A TOOL USED BY FARRIERS AT THE ANVIL FOR HOLDING AND SHAPEING HOT HORSESHOES.
SICKLE HOCKED
A CONFORMATION FAULT IN WHICH THE HORSE STANDS WITH HIS HIND LIMBS BENT MORE THAN NORMAL AT THE HOCK, PLACING THE HOOVES FARTHER FORWARD THAN IDEAL. EXTREME SICKLE HOCKS CAN BE CONSIDERED AN UNSOUNDNESS. A.K.A: SABER-LEGGED.
SIDE BONE
THE OSSIFICATION OF ONE OR BOTH LATERAL CARTILAGES WITHIN THE HORSE'S HOOF. THIS SOMETIMES CAUSES LAMENESS, BUT MAY BE CONSIDERED A NORMAL PART OF THE AGING PROCESS IN SOME HORSES.
SIDE CLIP
QUARTER CLIPS. PARTICULARLY THOSE PLACED NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE QUARTER, ON THE SIDES OF THE HOOF.
SIMONDS
BRAND OF RASPS AND OTHER FARRIER PRODUCTS FROM 1832 TO THE PRESENT.
SINKER
A GRAVE CASE OF FOUNDER IN WHICH LAMINITIS HAS DESTROYED SO MANY OF THE LAMINAE THAT THE BONE COLUMN IS NO LONGER SUSPENDED AND BEGINS TO SINK WITHIN THE HOOF.
SIRE
A HORSE'S PATERNAL ANCESTOR (FATHER).
SLICK
A FLAT HORSESHOE WITH NOTHING ON IT.
SLOPING
SLOPING HOOVES ARE THOSE WITH A LOW ANGLE TO THE GROUND, USUALLY 50 DEGREES OR LESS.
SLOPING PASTERN
A SLOPING PASTERN IS ONE THAT IS LOWER THAN 50 DEGREES.
SMITHY
SMITHY:(1) THE BUILDING OR SHOP IN WHICH A BLACKSMITH OR FARRIER WORKS AND KEEPS HIS TOOLS. (2) INCORRECTLY USED AS A SYNONYM FOR THE BLACKSMITH OR HORSESHOER, WHICH IS A BIT LIKE CALLING AN AUTO MECHANIC A GARAGE.
SNOWBALL HAMMER
A COMBINATION HOOFPICK AND HAMMER OFTEN CARRIED ABOARD COACHES. USED TO BREAK UP AND REMOVE PACKED SNOW AND ICE FROM THE HORSE'S HOOVES.
SOLAR
THE BOTTOM ASPECT OF THE HORSE'S HOOF.
SOUND
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO IS NOT LAME, AND HAS NO CONDITIONS OR DEFECTS LIKELY TO LEAD TO LAMENESS IN THE FUTURE.
SPAVIN
[FROM THE OLD FRENCH ESPAVENT]: ANY SWELLING OR ABNORMAL GROWTH IN OR ON THE HOCK. A "BOG SPAVIN" IS A SOFT SWELLING ON THE MEDIAL AND/OR DORSAL SURFACE OF THE HOCK. A "BLOOD SPAVIN" IS AN ENLARGED VEIN, AND A HARMLESS BLEMISH. A "BONE SPAVIN" IS AN EXOSTOSIS ON ANY OF THE TARSAL BONES. LARGE BONE SPAVINS ARE CALLED "JACK SPAVINS". "BLIND" OR "OCCULT SPAVINS" ARE EXOSTOSISES NOT VISIBLE ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE HOCK.
SPECIALIZED SHOEING
SHOEING A SPECIFIC SPECIALIZED BREED OR TYPE OF HORSE.
SPEED CUTTING
(1) A GAIT FAULT WHICH RESULTS IN THE INTERFERENCE OF LATERAL LIMBS AT THE CANTER OR GALLOP. (2) HIGH SCALPING BY TROTTERS. (3) USED TO DENOTE KNEE HITTING IN SOME TEXTS CIRCA 1900.
SPIKE
SPIKE: ONE OF THE FIVE BASIC HOOF SHAPES LISTED IN THE EAGLE EYE APPROACH SUGGESTED BY SCOTT SIMPSON, CJF. THE SPIKE PATTERN IS GENERALLY SQUARE, WITH STRAIGHT QUARTERS AND SHARPLY TURNED IN HEELS. THE WIDEST POINT OF THE FOOT IS MIDWAY BETWEEN THE TOE AND HEELS.
SPLAY-FOOTED
THE TOES OF THE FRONT HOOVES ARE TURNED OUTWARD AND THE WEIGHT IS THROWN TO THE INSIDE.
SPLINT
EXOSTOSIS ON THE LIGAMENT WHICH ATTACHES A SPLINT BONE TO THE CANNON BONE, FORMING A BUMP ON THE LEG. SPLINTS ARE USUALLY CAUSED BY TRAUMA OR HEAVY STRESS ON THE LEGS OF A YOUNG HORSE. LAMENESS MAY BE EVIDENT DURING THE "GREEN" PHASE, BUT WHEN OSSIFICATION IS COMPLETE, THE SPLINT IS CONSIDERED A BLEMISH.
SPLINT BONE
EITHER OF THE TWO LONG, SLENDER BONES WHICH RUN ALONG THE BACK OF EACH CANNON BONE. THE SPLINT BONES ARE ATTACHED TO THE CANNON BONE BY LIGAMENTS WHICH EVENTUALLY OSSIFY AND FUSE THE BONES TOGETHER. THE INNER SPLINT BONE IS THE SECOND METACAR PAL IN THE FORE LIMBS AND THE SECOND METATARSAL IN THE HINDS. THE OUTER SPLINT BONE IS THE FOURTH METACARPAL IN THE FORES AND THE FOURTH METATARSAL IN THE HINDS.
SPRUNG SHOE
A SHOE THAT IS NAILED ON THE HOOF AND THEN IS CAUGHT BY SOMETHING THAT FORCES IT APART. THE SHOE IS SPREAD WIDER THAT THE HOOF.
SQUARE TOE
A HORSESHOE SHAPED SO THAT THE TOE OF THE SHOE DOES NOT FOLLOW THE CURVE OF THE HOOF BUT IS INSTEAD MADE SQUARE, AND USUALLY FIT WITH THE TOE OF THE HOOF EXTENDING OUT OVER THE SHOE. SQUARE TOED SHOES ARE USUALLY USED ON HIND HOOVES TO CENTER AND SPEED UP BREAKOVER, AND/OR TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE FORELEG AND ITS SHOE SHOULD THE HORSE OVERREACH.
STABBING
TOE-FIRST LANDING OF A HIND FOOT WHICH CAUSES IT TO STAB INTO SOFT TURF.
STAG
MALE HORSE CASTRATED AFTER DEVELOPING SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.
STALLION
ADULT MALE SEXUALLY MATURE, UNGELDED HORSE.
STALLJACK
A MINIATURE ANVIL WITH A BUILT-ON STAND. USED BY PLATERS TO SHAPE LIGHT HORSESHOES WITHOUT SETTING DOWN THE HOOF.
STANDARD
BRAND OF HORSESHOES FROM 1890 UNTIL AROUND 1940.
STAY APPARATUS
THE CONFIGURATION OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES WHICH ALLOW THE HORSE TO REMAIN IN THE STANDING POSITION WITH EXTREMELY LITTLE MUSCULAR EFFORT.
STEEL
AN ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON.THE CARBON IN STEEL, USUALLY BETWEEN 0.2 AND 2.0% ALLOWS IT TO BE HARDENED AND TEMPERED. MODERN STEELS OFTEN CONTAIN ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS FOR OTHER QUALITIES AS WELL.
STICKER
A LIGHT, SHARP FORM OF HEEL CALK OFTEN USED ON THE LATERAL SIDE OF HIND RACE HORSESHOES.
STIFLE SHOE
A HORSESHOE DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE HORSE FROM BEARING FULL WEIGHT ON THE SHOD FOOT. IN OLDER TEXTS, THE STIFLE SHOE IS CALLED A PATTEN SHOE.
STIFLED
A STIFLED HORSE SUFFERS FROM RECURRING, TEMPORARY IMMOBILIZATION OF THE HOCK DUE TO THE LOCKING OF THE PATELLA. THIS CONDITION CAN BE CORRECTED THROUGH SURGERY.
STOCKS
A LARGE FRAMEWORK USED TO IMMOBILIZE A HORSE AND HOLD THE HOOF IN POSITION FOR SHOEING. SHOEING STOCKS ARE COMMONLY USED FOR HEAVY DRAFT HORSES, AND SOMETIMES FOR UNMANAGEABLE SMALLER HORSES.
STRAIGHT BEHIND
A HORSE THAT IS "STRAIGHT BEHIND" HAS LESS THAN NORMAL ANGULATION OF THE HOCK AND STIFLE JOINTS. ALSO CALLED "POST LEGGED."
STRAIGHT PASTERN
A STRAIGHT PASTERN OFTEN MEANS THAT THERE IS TOO LITTLE ANGLE BETWEEN THE PASTERN AND THE CANNON BONE - A PASTERN THAT IS HIGHER THAN 60 DEGREES TO THE GROUND IN AN ADULT HORSE.
STRATUM MEDIUM
THE INNER UNPIGMENTED LAYER OF HOOF WALL.
STRAWBERRY
SEE: BRUISE.
STUBBY
ONE OF THE FIVE BASIC HOOF SHAPES LISTED IN THE EAGLE EYE APPROACH SUGGESTED BY SCOTT SIMPSON, CJF. THE STUBBY PATTERN IS GENERALLY ROUND, BUT WIDER THAN IT IS LONG. THE WIDEST PART OF THE HOOF WILL BE ABOUT MIDWAY BETWEEN THE TOE AND HEELS.
STUD
A STALLION USED FOR BREEDING.
STUD MULE
UNCASTRATED MALE MULE (MULES ARE USUALLY STERILE).
STUMPY
STUMPY HOOVES ARE UNUSUALLY UPRIGHT HOOVES - MORE THAN 60 DEGREES.
SULCUS
1) THE DEEP NARROW SPACE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE FROG, BETWEEN THE SIDE OF THE FROG AND THE BARS. 2) THE SOMETIMES DEEP AND NARROW GROOVE THAT BISECTS THE FROG, STARTING AT THE BACK OF THE FROG AND RUNNING TOWARD THE POINT, BECOMING PROGRESSIVLEY NARROWER. NOT ALL FROGS HAVE THIS MIDDLE GROOVE.
SUPERFICIAL CRACK
ANY KIND OF HOOF CRACK WHICH DOES NOT EXPOSE SENSITIVE TISSUES OR CAUSE LAMENESS. A.K.A: SURFACE CRACK.
SUPERFICIAL FLEXOR TENDON
FUNCTIONS DIFFERENTLY IN THE FRONT AND HIND LEGS. IN FRONT, THE SFT PASSES DOWN THE BACK OF THE LEG AND BIFURCATES (DIVIDES) BELOW THE FETLOCK AND ATTACHES TO THE BOTTOM END OF THE LONG PASTERN AND UPPER END OF THE SHORT PASTERN BONE AT THE PASTERN JOINT. AT THE SESAMOIDS, IT PASSES OVER AND FORMS A COLLAR AROUND THE DEEP FLEXOR TENDON. IT IS MOST FREQUENTLY THE TENDON THAT DEVELOPS TENDINITIS OR BOWED TENDON SYNDROME. THE SFT OF THE HIND LEG FUNCTIONS MOSTLY AS A LIGAMENT IN THE "STAY APPARATUS" OF THE LIMB. THE SFT PASSES THROUGH THE CENTER OF A SMALL MUSCLE MASS FROM THE BACK OF THE FEMUR AND ATTACHES TO THE POINT OF THE HOCK. BELOW THE HOCK THERE IS NO MUSCULAR EFFECT ON THE TENDON, IT ACTS COMPLETLY AS A LIGAMENT.
SURFACE CRACK
SEE: SUPERFICIAL CRACK.
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
IS ATTACHED TO THE CANNON BONE BETWEEN THE TWO SPLINT BONES.
SWEDGE BLOCK
A MOLDING TOOL WHICH STRAPS ONTO THE ANVIL AND/OR FITS INTO ITS HARDIE HOLE. DIFFERENT SWEDGE BLOCKS CAN BE USED TO MODIFY BARSTOCK WHICH CAN THEN BE FORGED INTO RIM SHOES, POLO PLATES, AND OTHER SHOES WITH SPECIAL CROSS-SECTIONS. A.K.A: SWAGE BLOCK.
SWEDGED SHOE
ANY OF A NUMBER OF HORSESHOE STYLES WHICH HAVE THE GROUND SIDE MOLDED INTO A TRACTION MODIFYING PATTERN. MOST FEATURE A DEEP GROOVE WHICH RUNS THE WHOLE WAY AROUND THE SHOE.
SWEENY
DETERIORATION OF THE MUSCLES IN A HORSE'S SHOULDER DUE TO NERVE DAMAGE.
SWELLED HEEL
THE HEEL OF A HORSESHOE WHICH IS FOLDED UP ONTO THE HOOF SURFACE OF THE SHOE. THE HOOF SURFACE IS THEN LEVELED. SWELLED HEELS RAISE THE HEELS OF THE HOOF WITHOUT CREATING AS MUCH TRACTION AS BLOCKED HEELS OR HEEL CALKS.
SYNOVIAL FLUID
[FROM THE GREEK SYN, WITH; AND LATIN OVUM, EGG]: A VERY SLIPPERY, OIL-LIKE SUBSTANCE WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE BODY TO LUBRICATE THE JOINTS AND TENDONS.
TAG
ONE OF THE FIVE BASIC HOOF SHAPES LISTED IN THE EAGLE EYE APPROACH SUGGESTED BY SCOTT SIMPSON, CJF. THE TAG PATTERN IS MOST COMMON IN HIND FEET. IT IS SOMEWHAT POINTED AT THE TOE, STRAIGHT THROUGH THE QUARTERS, AND TURNS SHARPLY AT THE HEELS. THE TAG HOOF IS WIDEST ACROSS ITS REAR THIRD.
TARSUS
THE HOCK JOINT.
TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE 100 F (38 C), (99.1 TO 100.8 F. RANGE, INFLUENCED BY AGE).
TENDINITIS
SEE: BOWED TENDON.
TENDON
[FROM THELATIN TENDO, TO STRETCH]: STRONG FIBROUS TISSUE WHICH CONNECTS MUSCLE TO BONE. TENDONS FUNCTION PRIMARILY TO FACILITATE MOVEMENT. TENDONS SLIDE WITHIN LUBRICATED SHEATHS, ARE INELASTIC, AND ARE SUBJECT TO SPRAINS AND RUPTURES.
TENDOSYNOVITIS
SEE: BOWED TENDON.
TENDOVAGINITIS
SEE: BOWED TENDON.
TENOTOMY
SURGICAL SEVERING OF A TENDON.
THERAPEUTIC
DESCRIBES HOOF SHOEING OR TRIMMING DONE IN AN ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE LAMENESS OR UNSOUNDNESS. A.K.A: PATHOLOGICAL SHOEING.
THORACIC LIMB
A FORE LIMB.
THOROUGHPIN
SOFT SWELLING OF THE TENDON SHEATH OF THE DDF JUST ABOVE THE POINT OF THE HOCK. THIS SWELLING IS OFTEN VISIBLE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE LIMB. THOROUGHPIN RARELY RESULTS IN LAMENESS, BUT DOES INDICATE WEAKNESS IN THE HOCK, EXCESSIVE STRESS, TRAUMA , OR A COMBINATION OF THESE. A.K.A: THROUGH-PIN.
THROUGH-PIN
SEE: THOROUGHPIN.
THRUSH
INFECTION OF THE TISSUES OF THE FROG BY MICRO-ORGANISMS. THIS IS SEEN AS A FOUL SMELLING BLACK CRUD OR DISCHARGE IN THE COMMISSURES AND FROG. ADVANCED CASES MAY INVADE SENSITIVE TISSUES AND CAUSE LAMENESS. A.K.A: FRUSH (ARCHAIC).
TIED IN AT KNEES
A HORSE "TIED IN AT THE KNEES" HAS A CANNON BONE THAT WHILE VERTICAL IS SLIGHTLY TOWARDS THE FRONT OF THE KNEE AND NOT DIRECTLY BELOW THE UPPER LEG.
TOE ANGLE
SEE: HOOF ANGLE.
TOE LENGTH
THE MEASUREMENT FROM THE JUNCTION OF THE CORONARY BAND AND HOOF WALL, TO THE GROUND SURFACE AT THE MOST ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE HOOF'S DORSAL SURFACE.
TOED IN
THE HORSE'S DIGIT APPEARS TO BE TWISTED INWARD. THIS CONFORMATION FAULT USUALLY CAUSES THE AFFLICTED LIMB TO WING-OUT. HORSES WHO ARE TOED IN ON BOTH FORE FEET ARE CALLED PIGEON-TOED.
TOED OUT
THE HORSE'S DIGIT APPEARS TO BE TWISTED OUTWARD. THIS CONFORMATION FAULT USUALLY CAUSES THE AFFLICTED LIMB TO WING-IN. TOED OUT HORSES MAY BE PRONE TO BRUSHING.
TOE GRAB
A FORM OF TOE CALK USED ON RACING HORSESHOES. TOE GRABS ARE CURVED WITH THE TOE OF THE SHOE, AND USUALLY SHARPER THAN TYPICAL TOE CALKS.
TOEING KNIFE
A MALLET-DRIVEN BLADE USED TO TRIM THE HOOF WALL. TOEING KNIVES WERE LISTED AS STANDARD EQUIPMENT FOR U.S. CAVALRY SHOERS UNTIL AFTER THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. HOOF NIPPERS HAVE REPLACED THE TOEING KNIFE IN COMMON USE AMONG FARRIERS IN THE U.S. TODAY.
TRAILER
AN EXTRA LONG HEEL ON A HORSESHOE WHICH IS USUALLY TURNED 45 AWAY FROM THE CENTER LINE OF THE HOOF AND THE LINE OF FLIGHT.
TRAINING PLATE
A VERY LIGHTWEIGHT, USUALLY STEEL HORSESHOE USED ON RACE HORSES BETWEEN RACES. TRAINING PLATES ARE ALSO USED ON SOME YOUNG RIDING AND SHOW HORSES. MOST TRAINING PLATES ARE SWEDGED.
TRANSVERSAL
A TRANSVERSAL PLANE SEPARATES THE FRONT FROM THE BACK. SEE ALSO: SAGITTAL.
TRAUMA
INJURY CAUSED BY SUDDEN SHOCK OR IMPACT.
TRAVELING SHORT
A HORSE "TRAVELING SHORT" HAS LESS THAN NORMAL FORWARD EXTENSION OR REACH OF THE LIMBS WHEN MOVING.
TRENTON
BRAND OF FORGED ANVILS FROM 1898 UNTIL 1952.
TRUENESS OF GAIT
DESCRIBES THE LACK OF MEDIAL OR LATERAL DEVIATION FROM THE LINE OF TRAVEL SEEN IN A HORSE'S LIMBS.
TRUE P III ROTATION
THE HOOF WALL IS NO LONGER PARALLEL TO THE P III AT THE TOE, P III IS NOT IN ALIGNMENT WITH THE PASTERN, AND THE SOLE IS COMPROMISED BY THE TIP OF THE P III. THIS ONLY HAPPENS IN FOUNDERED HORSES.
TWITCH
ANY OF SEVERAL DEVICES USED TO APPLY PRESSURE TO A HORSE'S UPPER LIP. THIS IS USED AS A FORM OF ACUPRESSURE OR DISTRACTION TO CALM AND IMMOBILIZE THE ANIMAL. THE USE OF A TWITCH PRODUCES WIDELY VARYING RESULTS ON INDIVIDUAL HORSES. THESE RANGE FROM SEMICONSCIOUSNESS TO RAGE. TWITCHES ARE SOMETIMES APPLIED TO THE HORSE'S EAR.
TWO FINGER RADIOGRAPH
AN EXPRESSION DESCRIBING THE FACT THAT THE DORSAL HOOF WALL IS PARALLEL TO THE DORSAL ASPECT OF THE PIII FROM THE CORONARY BAND DOWN TO AN INCH OR SO BELOW, OR ABOUT THE WIDTH OF TWO FINGERS. THIS ALLOWS A FAIRLY ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF THE POSITION OF THE PIII WITHIN THE HOOF, NO MATTER HOW DISTORTED THE LOWER WALL MAY BE.
UNDERRUN HEELS
THE SLOPE OF THE HEELS IS SHALLOWER THAN THAT OF THE TOE AS VIEWED FROM THE SIDE. THIS REDUCES THE POSTERIOR SUPPORT OF THE HOOF. HEELS NEED NOT BE SHORT TO BE UNDERRUN. A.K.A: RUN-UNDER HEELS; UNDERSLUNG HEELS.
UNDERSLUNG HEELS
SEE: UNDERRUN HEELS.
UNILATERAL
ON ONE SIDE ONLY.
UNSOUND
DESCRIBES A HORSE WHO SUFFERS FROM A DEFECT OR CONDITION WHICH COULD LEAD TO LAMENESS. AN UNSOUND HORSE MIGHT NOT BE CURRENTLY LAME.
URINE
AVERAGE 5.5 QUARTS PER DAY (3 TO 9 RANGE), DEEP YELLOW TO BROWN COLOR.
VALGUS
KNOCK-KNEED
VARUS
BOWLEGGED
VEIN
ANY OF THE RELATIVELY THIN-WALLED VESSELS WHICH CARRY BLOOD FROM THE TISSUES BACK TO THE THE HEART AND LUNGS TO BE RE-OXYGENATED.
VETERINARIANITIS
EXPRESSION COINED BY R.F. REDDEN, DVM, TO DESCRIBE EXCESSIVE USE OF THE HOOF KNIFE BY VETERINARIANS.
VITAMIN A
A NUTRIENT COMPOUND EITHER C20-H3-0O OR C20-H28-O FOUND IN FISH-LIVER OILS, MILK, SOME YELLOW AND GREEN VEGETABLES, AND EGG YOLKS. MARYLAND FARRIER HENRY HEYMERING SUGGESTS 100,000 IU PER DAY OF VITAMIN A FOR AN AVERAGE SIZED HORSE TO PREVENT SURFACE CRACKS IN NEW HOOF HORN AND HOOF INFECTIONS. SCALY PERIOPLE AND CHALKY SOLES ARE SIGNS OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY.
VOLAR
PERTAINING TO THE SOLE.
VULCAN
BRAND OF HORSESHOE NAILS FROM 1867 TO 1936. FIRST MADE WITH THE COLD ROLLED MACHINE PROCESS.
WLD
COMMON ABREVIATION FOR WHITE LINE DISEASE.
WALK
THE SLOWEST GAIT OF ANY BREED OF HORSE.
WALL
THE OUTER, HORNY PART OF THE HOOF WHICH IS THE PRIMARY WEIGHT BEARING STRUCTURE OF THE EQUINE FOOT.
WATER LINE
INNER, UNPIGMENTED HOOF WALL WHICH IS SOMETIMES MISTAKEN FOR THE WHITE LINE.
WCF
WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF FARRIERS. AN ORGANIZATION OF FARRIERS IN ENGLAND. FOUNDED IN 1356 AS THE "MARSHALLS OF THE CITY OF LONDON", IT WAS CHARTERED UNDER ITS CURRENT NAME IN 1674. ADDRESS: 27 KENNEDY CROFT, SHELDON, BIRMINGHAM, GREAT BRITAIN.
WEANLING
A COLT OR FILLY WEAVED FROM ITS MOTHER (USUALLY 6 MONTHS TO 1 YEAR OF AGE).
WEB
THE WIDTH OF THE STOCK FROM WHICH A HORSESHOE IS MADE.
WEDGE
LEATHER OR RUBBER USED FOR BUILDING UP ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER BETWEEN THE HOOF AND SHOE.
WEDGE SHOE
A HORSESHOE WHICH IS GRADUATED IN THICKNESS FROM A THIN TOE TO THICK HEELS. THIS HAS THE EFFECT OF RAISING THE HOOF ANGLE. A REVERSE WEDGE SHOE RAISES THE TOE AND LOWERS THE HOOF ANGLE. LATERAL WEDGE SHOES ALTER THE MEDIOLATERAL BALANCE OF THE FOOT.
WELDING, FORGE
THE PROCESS OF JOINING METAL SURFACES BY HEATING THEM IN A FORGE UNTIL THEY ARE SLIGHTLY MOLTEN, THEN HAMMERING THEM TOGETHER ON THE ANVIL. GOOD FORGE WELDS ARE VERY STRONG, BEADLESS, AND MAY BE IMPOSSIBLE TO DETECT WITH THE NAKED EYE.
WHITE LINE
THE BORDER BETWEEN THE SOLE AND THE HOOF WALL AS SEEN ON THE SOLAR VIEW OF THE HOOF. USUALLY COLORED PALE YELLOW, AS OPPOSED TO THE WATER LINE WHICH IS NORMALLY WHITE. DETERIORATION OF THE WHITE LINE AND/OR INNER HOOF WALL IS CALLED WHITE LINE DISEASE, SEEDY TOE, AND ONYCHOMYCOSIS.
WHITE LINE DISEASE
AN INFECTION OF THE WHITE LINE, CAUSED BY ANEROBIC KERATINOLYTIC BACTERIA.
WHITMAN
BRAND OF RUBBER HORSESHOES MADE FROM 1878 THROUGH 1911.
WINDPUFF
A SOFT SWELLING WHICH APPEARS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE FETLOCK AREA. WINDPUFFS ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED BLEMISHES, BUT MAY INDICATE EXCESSIVE STRAIN WHICH COULD LEAD TO MORE SERIOUS TROUBLE. "ARTICULAR WINDPUFF" IS THE DISTENTION OF THE FETLOCK JOINT CAPSULE. "TENDINOUS WINDPUFF" INVOLVES THE DDF SHEATH. A.K.A: WINDGALL; HYGROMATA; ROAD PUFF; POPPED ANKLE.
WINGING-IN
A DEVIATION IN GAIT IN WHICH THE HOOF ARCS INWARD (UNDER THE HORSE) IN FLIGHT. WINGING-IN IS OFTEN SEEN IN HORSES WITH TOED-OUT CONFORMATION, AND MAY LEAD TO INTERFERENCE.
WINGING-OUT
A DEVIATION IN GAIT IN WHICH THE HOOF ARCS OUTWARD IN FLIGHT. WINGING-OUT IS OFTEN SEEN IN HORSES WITH TOED-IN CONFORMATION, AND WHILE IT IS MORE OBVIOUS TO THE UNTRAINED EYE THAN WINGING-IN, IT IS LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE INTERFERENCE. A.K.A: PADDLING.
WRY FOOT
A PATHOLOGY OF THE HOOF WHEREIN THE WALL AT THE HEEL(S) HAS FOLDED UNDER, AND THE HORSE IN WALKING ON THE SIDE OF THE HOOF WALL RATHER THAN ON THE GROUND SURFACE. IN EXTREME CASES THE ENTIRE SIDE OF THE HOOF MAY BE INVOLVED, I.E.: ROLLED/FOLDED UNDER FROM TOE QUARTER TO HEEL.
X-RAYS
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH WAVE LENGTHS BETWEEN APPROXIMATELY 0.0000001 AND 0.00000000001 CENTIMETER. BECAUSE X-RAYS PASS THROUGH SOFT TISSUE AND ARE LARGELY ABSORBED BY BONES, THEY ARE USEFUL IN RADIOGRAPHY. A.K.A: ROENTGEN RAYS.
YEARLING
A COLT OR FILLY BETWEEN 1 AND 2 YEARS OF AGE.
YEAST INFECTION
WHITE LINE DISEASE WAS THOUGHT TO BE AN INFECTION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS YEAST. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS, HOWEVER, THAT OTHER FUNGI, SUCH AS PSEUDALLESCHERIA BOYDII ARE ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE.
ZINC
A BLUISH-WHITE METALLIC ELEMENT. ATOMIC NUMBER 30. ATOMIC WEIGHT 65.37. MELTING POINT 419.4C. AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN MANY ALLOYS, SOLDERS, AND METAL COATINGS. AS A DIETARY MINERAL, ZINC APPEARS ESSENTIAL TO THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE BASEME NT MEMBRANE BETWEEN THE HORNY AND SENSITIVE LAMINAE.
ZOONOSES
DISEASES COMMUNICABLE BETWEEN MAN AND OTHER ANIMALS.
